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DMSO Physics 2 > FInal part II > Flashcards

FInal part II Flashcards

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1
Q

Based on the acquisition and review of information from patients or animals exposed to ultrasound
exposure and response
no need to understand mechanism (+ and -)
biological significance is obvious (+)
species differences may alter results (-)
Strongest conclusion are made when the mechanistic and empirical conclusion are in agreement

A
  1. Empirical approach
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2
Q
  1. Contrast, shrinking and swelling
A

Resonance, nonlinear behavior

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3
Q
  1. Primary investigative technique of epidemiology
A

Reviewing data from patients

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4
Q
  1. Intensity most related to tissue heating
A

SPTA

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5
Q
  1. Bioeffect studies on non-living things
A

Mechanistic Approach

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6
Q

What type of trans causes less amount of temperature increase

A

Grey scale image Q.# 13, pg 421

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7
Q
  1. Possibility of patient technologist shock
A

Mechanical Transducer

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8
Q
  1. When is it safe to perform in Ultrasound
A

When the benefits outweight the risk

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9
Q
  1. Electronic component used for gray scale imaging
A

Scan converter pg.241

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10
Q

Preprocessing: TGC, log compression, write magnification, persistence spatial compounding, edge enhancement, and fill-in enhancement

A
  1. Know all of the preprocessing and post processing functions
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11
Q
  1. What function steers the scan lines in different directions
A

Spatial compounding pg.254

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12
Q

Virtually instant
no degradation of data, and the ability to electronically transmit images
report to remote sites (“store and forward”)

A
  1. Advantages of PACs systems
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13
Q
  1. Advantages of PACs systems
A

Virtually instant
no degradation of data, and the ability to electronically transmit images
report to remote sites (“store and forward”)

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14
Q 
Safe
metaboliccaly inert
long lasting
strong reflector of ultrasound
small enough to pass through capillaries
A
  1. Know the requirements for contrast agents
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15
Q
  1. Signal from the transducer to the receiver
A

.?

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16
Q
  1. Know the requirements for contrast agents
A 
Safe
metaboliccaly inert
long lasting
strong reflector of ultrasound
small enough to pass through capillaries
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17
Q

harmonics vs fundamental frequencies

A

Harmonics is double the fundamental frequency

Harmonics has nonlinear behavior

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18
Q
  1. Accelerations and deceleration of velocities from cardiac contraction
A

Pulsitile Flow

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19
Q

Acceleration and deceleration of velocities from respiration

A

Phasic Flow

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20
Q 
change in flow direction
increased velocity as vessels narrows
turbulence downstream from the stenosis
pressure gradient across the stenosis
loss of pulsitility
A
  1. Know the effects of a stenosis
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21
Q

Supine:
Hydrostatic- 0 mmHg
Blood pressure is same (140 mmHg)

Standing:
Hydrostatic
-ankle - 100 mmHg
- knee - 75 mmHg
-waist - 50 mmHg
-heart/arm - 0 mmHg
- Forehead - -30 mmHg
- Tip of finger - -130 mmHg
Blood pressure is arterial of heart + hydrostatic
A
  1. Know hydrostatic pressure at all locations
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22
Q
  1. Flow pattern with normal physiological states
A

Laminar Flow

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23
Q
  1. Reynolds number for turbulent flow?
A

Greater than 2,000

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24
Q
  1. Know the effects of a stenosis
A 
change in flow direction
increased velocity as vessels narrows
turbulence downstream from the stenosis
pressure gradient across the stenosis
loss of pulsitility
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25
Q
  1. Know hydrostatic pressure at all locations
A

Supine:
Hydrostatic- 0 mmHg
Blood pressure is same (140 mmHg)

Standing:
Hydrostatic
-ankle - 100 mmHg
- knee - 75 mmHg
-waist - 50 mmHg
-heart/arm - 0 mmHg
- Forehead - -30 mmHg
- Tip of finger - -130 mmHg
Blood pressure is arterial of heart + hydrostatic
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26
Q
  1. What is it referred to when the vessel collapses venous
A

coaptation

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27
Q 
Baseline
lower frequency
Shallower volume depth
Adjust scale
CW
A
  1. Five ways to eliminate aliasing
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28
Q
  1. Venous flow in the leg decreases what is the patient doing?
A

Inspiration

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29
Q
  1. Doppler shift when source and receiver are moving apart?
A

Negative

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30
Q
  1. What is the typical range of Doppler shift
A

20 Hz- 20KHz

Audible

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31
Q
  1. Phenomena of high velocities appear negative
A

Aliasing

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32
Q

able to select the exact location where velocities are measured

A
  1. Primary advantages of pulsed wave
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33
Q
  1. Five ways to eliminate aliasing
A 
Baseline shift
lower frequency transducer
Shallower sample volume depth
Adjust scale
CW
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34
Q
  1. Know what limitation is for color Doppler imaging
A

No measurement of velocity or direction.
Lower frame rate.
Susceptible to motion of transducer, patient, or soft tissue- flash artifact.

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35
Q

No measurement of velocity or direction.
Lower frame rate.
Susceptible to motion of transducer, patient, or soft tissue- flash artifact.

A
  1. Know what limitation is for color Doppler imaging
36
Q
  1. Horizontal axis of a Doppler spectrum
A

time

37
Q
  1. Doppler shift is inversely related to?
A

Propagation speed

38
Q
  1. Basic Doppler system just had just identified a frequency shift
A

Non- or uni- directional doppler

39
Q
  1. Couple questions, just know that traveling towards the transducer and away
A

Positive when flowing towards the transducer

Negative when it is flowing away from the transducer

40
Q
  1. Primary advantages of pulsed wave
A

Range resolution, range specificity, and freedom from range ambiguity artifact
able to select the exact location where velocities are measured

41
Q

violation of assumptions
equipment malfunction or poor design
the physics of ultrasound
operator

A
  1. Know the cause for artifacts
42
Q
  1. Primary advantages of continuous wave
A

ability to accurately measure very high velocities

43
Q
  1. What is the area of interrogation for Doppler
A

Sample volume or gate

44
Q
  1. What method will have increased sensitivity for low flow states
A

Power mode doppler

45
Q
  1. This describes the portions of the image that are brighter than surrounding tissues
A

Hyperechoic

46
Q
  1. Structures without echoes?
A

Anechoic

47
Q
  1. Similar echo chara?
A

homogenous

48
Q
  1. Know the cause for artifacts
A

violation of assumptions
equipment malfunction or poor design
the physics of ultrasound
operator

49
Q
  1. Multiple equally spaced parallel lines what artifact
A

Reverberation

50
Q
  1. Which artifact is unrelated to the US pulse
A

Enhancement

51
Q
  1. Which artifact produces an image with incorrect number of reflectors
A

Refraction

52
Q
  1. Two distinct reflectors one is an artifact one is deeper than the other
A

Mirror

53
Q
  1. What is the artifact if they are side by side
A

Lateral resolution

54
Q

Similar to soft tissue

Speed of sound, attenuation, scattering characteristics, echogenicity Pg. 382

A
  1. Know about tissue equivalent phantom
55
Q
  1. Know about conformed consent
A

(autonomy)

56
Q
  1. Know about gold standard
A

A perfect technique, for example MRI or angiography, that we deem 100% accurate to which our ultrasound results are compared.

57
Q

A perfect technique, for example MRI or angiography that we deem 100% accurate to which our ultrasound results are compared.

A
  1. Know about gold standard
58
Q
  1. Which artifact creates only one reflections with two reflectors
A

Axial Resolution

59
Q
  1. Know the intensity limits for unfocused and focused transducers
A

Unfocused- 100mW/cm^2

Focused- 1W/cm^2 or 1000mW/cm^2

60
Q
  1. Lobes created by array transducers what are they called
A

grating lobe

61
Q
  1. Refraction at the edge of circular structure what is it called
A

Edge shadowing

62
Q
  1. When there is too much gain in the focal zone what is it called
A

Focal Enhancement

63
Q
  1. Which artifact occurs when you see reflectors at incorrect depths
A

Range ambiguity

64
Q
  1. A grainy appearance?
A

Speckle

65
Q
  1. If your PRF is to high what artifact
A

Range ambiguity

66
Q
  1. What artifact found only with Doppler?
A

Cross talk

67
Q
  1. Know about tissue equivalent phantom
A

Similar to soft tissue

Speed of sound, attenuation, scattering characteristics, echogenicity Pg. 382

68
Q
  1. Know about conformed consent
A

patients are educated about medical procedure(autonomy)

69
Q
  1. Ability to position echoes in their correct position along distance perpendicular to the sound
A

Lateral resolution

70
Q
  1. Stratigicle located pins cysts in masses what kind of phantom
A

Tissue equivalent phantom

71
Q
  1. Know the difference of output power and receiver gain
A

output power effects bioeffects. Receiver gain has no effects on bioeffects. You should always decrease your output power first then adjust your receiver gain.

72
Q
  1. Know appropriate way to introduce yourself to the Patient
A

Tell them your name and what type of exam you are performing

73
Q
  1. Know all and what happens to the image and know all the transducers a lot of questions from the transducers
A

??

74
Q
  1. Use of more active elements to receive reflections with a greater time of flight
A

??

75
Q
  1. Know all about temporal spatial and contrast resolution
A

??

76
Q
  1. Lateral resolution improves with what
A

.?

77
Q
  1. Wanted you to figure out the time it takes to make a single image when looking the frame rate, know how to calculation
A

??

78
Q
  1. Imaging depth is 15cm, 100 lines number of pulses making up a scan is what
A

??

79
Q
  1. Know all about component of the US system
A

??

80
Q
  1. TGC curve know the anatomy of that
A

??

81
Q
  1. Of the receiver functions know which one treats the signal differently due to the depth of the reflector
A

??

82
Q
  1. Know the difference of output power and receiver gain
A

Output power is harmful to bioeffects. Receiver gain isn’t.

If the image is to bright you should always decrease output power first then do receiver gain.

83
Q
  1. Know which function will affect the strength of every pulse transmitted into the body
A

??

84
Q
  1. Reflectors displayed only in the far region what would you have to do
A

??

85
Q

Any change after freeze frame
black/white inversion
read magnification
contrast variation 3-D rendering

A

Following question 10. postprocessing

DMSO Physics 2 (26 decks)

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