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ANS 327: Reproductive Physiology > Spermatogenesis and Transport in the Male Tract > Flashcards

Spermatogenesis and Transport in the Male Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Which hormone has a longer half-life: LH or FSH?

A

FSH.

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2
Q

Why is LH released episodically?

A

To prevent the Leydig cells from becoming resistant to LH stimulation.

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3
Q

What hormone may have a circadian rhythm?

A

T.

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4
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

Formation of spermatozoa.

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5
Q

What is the first phase of spermatogenesis? What happens during this phase?

A
  1. The proliferative phase/spermatocytogenesis.
  2. Mitosis.
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6
Q

What is the second phase of spermatogenesis? What happens during this phase?

A
  1. The meiotic phase.
  2. Meiosis.
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7
Q

What are spermatogonia undergoing?

A

Mitosis. Are stem cells.

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8
Q

What is the third phase of spermatogenesis? What happens during this phase?

A
  1. Differentiation phase/spermiogenesis.
  2. Morphological changes from a round spermatid to spermatozoa, no more cell division, and four stages.
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9
Q

What are primary spermatocytes undergoing?

A

Meiosis one.

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10
Q

What are the secondary spermatocytes undergoing?

A

Meiosis two.

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11
Q

What kind of cells are round spermatids?

A

Haploid cells.

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12
Q

What happens every 13.5 days?

A

A spermatogonium begins spermatogenesis.

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13
Q

How long does spermatogenesis take?

A

About 60 days.

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14
Q

What kind of cells are type A spermatogonia?

A

Diploid.
*Only one of the two cells produced actually goes through spermatogenesis.

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15
Q

What kind of cells are type B spermatogonia?

A

Cells with 4 chromatids.

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16
Q

How many chromatids does each cell have after meiosis 1?

A

2 chromatid copies.

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17
Q

How many chromatids does each cell have after meiosis 2?

A

1 chromatid copy.

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18
Q

What are the three spermatogonia stages?

A

A, I, B.

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19
Q

How many Sertoli cells does it take to complete spermatogenesis?

A

1 Sertoli cell is all that is needed. This is why sperm numbers are in the billions.

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20
Q

How many mitotic divisions occur during spermatogenesis?

A

2-6 divisions, species-specific.

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21
Q

What connects daughter cells?

A

Cytoplasmic bridges.

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22
Q

What is the rate of apoptosis in spermatogonia?

A

As high as 75%.

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23
Q

What causes apoptosis in spermatogonia?

A
  1. Normal part of spermatogenesis.
  2. Trauma or heat.
  3. Disease.
  4. Hormone levels (decreased FSH and/or T).
  5. Season(seasonal breeders).
24
Q

What are two reasons that sperm stem cell renewal is necessary?

A
  1. Replenish testis in case of trauma, injury, or high heat.
  2. Keep spermatogenesis going indefinently.
25
Q

What are the steps of the Golgi phase of spermiogenesis?

A
  1. The Golgi apparatus produces an acrosomic vesicle that migrates to the basement membrane side (Anterior region) of the nucleus.
  2. Centrioles migrate to the opposite side (Posterior region) of the nucleus.
26
Q

What are the steps of the cap phase of spermiogenesis?

A
  1. The acrosome forms a cap over the nucleus.
  2. Golgi apparatus migrates away from the nucleus.
  3. Formation of a primitive flagellum where the centriole is located.
27
Q

What are the steps of the acrosomal phase of spermiogenesis?

A
  1. Acrosome continues 2/3 of the way around the nucleus.
  2. Formation of the manchette (a set of microtubules associated with nuclear elongation).
28
Q

What are the steps of the maturation phase of spermiogenesis?

A
  1. The manchette migrates towards the tail and disappears.
  2. The mitochondria migrate to the midpiece.
  3. Dense outer fibers form the tail.
    *Now it is called a spermatozoa.
29
Q

What is spermiation?

A

Release of sperm from Sertoli cells into the lumen.

30
Q

How long does it take for the impact of a deleterious event to be observed in the ejaculate?

A

2-4 weeks.

31
Q

What parts of spermatogenesis does a deleterious event impact the most?

A
  1. Meiosis.
  2. Spermiogenesis.
32
Q

How long after a deleterious event does it take for the sperm to return to normal?

A

6-12 weeks.

33
Q

True or False: Each stage of spermatogenesis is the same length.

A

False.

34
Q

How many cycles does it take to form spermatozoa?

A

4.5 cycles.
*species dependent.

35
Q

How many stages are included in one spermatogenic wave? What does this allow for?

A
  1. 8 stages.
  2. It allows for daily sperm production.
36
Q

True or False: One portion of the seminiferous tubules is releasing sperm at any given time.

A

True.

37
Q

What does the vascular system provide the seminiferous tubules?

A
  1. Hormones.
  2. Oxygen.
  3. Growth factors.
  4. Immune cells
  5. Nutrients.
    *HOGIN
38
Q

What does the blood-testis barrier help regulate?

A

The rate of sperm production by preventing spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes from entering the adluminal space.

39
Q

What occurs in the basal compartment, and what cells are present?

A
  1. Mitosis.
  2. Spermatogonia (A, I, B) and some primary spermatocytes.
40
Q

What occurs in the adluminal compartment, and what cells are present?

A
  1. Meiosis and spermiogenesis.
  2. Primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, round spermatids, elongated spermatids.
41
Q

What occurs in the lumen, and what cell(s) is/are present?

A
  1. Spermiation (the pushing of spermatozoa into the lumen).
  2. Spermatozoa.
42
Q

What forms the blood-testis barrier?

A

Sertoli cells and associated tight junctions.

43
Q

When does the blood-testis barrier first appear, and what hormone induces its appearance?

A
  1. During puberty.
  2. Induced by FSH.
44
Q

What two hormones maintain the blood-testis barrier?

A
  1. FSH.
  2. T.
45
Q

What is the blood-testis barrier essential for?

A

Meiosis.

46
Q

What cells do Sertoli cells manipulate the environment around to allow them to enter and complete meiosis?

A

Primary spermatocytes.

47
Q

What things destroy or impair the tight junctions?

A
  1. Endocrine disruptors.
  2. Heat.
  3. Heavy metals.
  4. Pesticides.
  5. Lack of FSH.
  6. Lack of T.
48
Q

What causes variations in sperm production?

A
  1. Testis size.
  2. Length of spermatogenesis.
  3. Efficiency of spermatogenesis (Mitotic division, degeneration of sperm cells, etc.).
49
Q

What does the epididymis need to function?

A

Androgens (T and DHT).

50
Q

What is the maturation of sperm function of the epididymis?

A
  1. Changes in fertility.
  2. Develop motility.
  3. Cytoplasmic droplets (movement from proximal to the distal end of the sperm).
  4. Nuclear condensation (Tighter packaging of the nucleus).
51
Q

What is the concentration function of the epididymis?

A

Removal of water.

52
Q

What is the secretion function of the epididymis?

A
  1. The conversion of T to DHT using 5a-reductase.
  2. Energy substrates (carnitine and free fatty acids).
  3. Membrane stabilizers (lipids, enzymes, glycoproteins).
53
Q

What is the transport function of the epididymis?

A

Smooth muscle contractions.

54
Q

What is the storage function of the epididymis?

A

Cauda epididymis.

55
Q

What kind of ejaculators are the ram and bull?

A

Low volume.

56
Q

What kind of ejaculators are the boar and stallion?

A

High volume and deposit in the cervix/uterus.

57
Q

What are the components of semen?

A
  1. Water.
  2. Sperm.
  3. Substrates.
  4. Inorganic salts.

ANS 327: Reproductive Physiology (23 decks)

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