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ANS 327: Reproductive Physiology > Reproductive Behavior > Flashcards

Reproductive Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

What is reproductive behavior?

A

A strong drive that takes precedence over other activities.

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2
Q

What is the purpose of reproductive behavior?

A
  1. To promote copulation.
  2. Assure oocyte and sperm meet.
  3. Social bonding (primates and dolphins only).
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3
Q

What is the goal of reproductive behavior?

A

To achieve pregnancy and parturition.

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4
Q

What are the stages of reproductive behavior?

A
  1. Precopulatory.
  2. Copulatory.
  3. Post-copulatory.
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5
Q

What is the precopulatory stage?

A

The search for a sexual partner.
1. Females: Limited to estrus. Characterized by increased physical activity. *Can occur at any time in primates.
2. Males: This can occur at any time.

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6
Q

What senses are involved in the precopulatory stage?

A
  1. Tactile.
  2. Hearing.
  3. Smell.
  4. Sight.
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7
Q

What are the characteristics of the precopulatory stage?

A
  1. Involves species-specific events.
  2. Sniffing of the vulva by the male.
  3. Flehmen lip curl (male).
  4. Increased frequency of urination by the female. It may help to spread pheromones.
  5. Increased phonation (Both).
  6. Male checks for female lordosis.
  7. Chin resting on the female rump.
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8
Q

What are reproductive behaviors that are unique to equines?

A
  1. Winking of the vulva (mare).
  2. Biting to check for lordosis (stallion).
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9
Q

What are reproductive behaviors that are unique to boars?

A
  1. Nudging the flank to check for lordosis.
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10
Q

What are reproductive behaviors unique to cows?

A
  1. Females express all of the normal reproductive behaviors that males would towards females.
  2. Mounting.
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11
Q

What does sexual arousal look like in the pre-copulatory stage?

A
  1. Female: Lordosis, Vaginal secretions, Presents hindquarters to male.
  2. Male: Erection and protrusion.
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12
Q

What is copulatory behavior?

A
  1. Mounting.
  2. Intromission(Placing the penis in the vagina).
  3. Ejaculation.
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13
Q

What species are short copulators and how long does it take?

A
  1. Bull and rams.
  2. 1-3 seconds.
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14
Q

What species are intermediate copulators and how long does it take?

A
  1. Stallion.
  2. 20-60 seconds.
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15
Q

What species are sustained copulators and how long does it take?

A
  1. Boars.
  2. 5-20 minutes.
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16
Q

What is postcopulatory behavior?

A
  1. Females: Will often mate again.
  2. Male: Dismounting, refractory period.
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17
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

The time when copulation cannot or will not occur due to the male having just copulated.

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18
Q

What does the refractory period depend on?

A
  1. Sexual rest prior to copulation.
  2. Species.
  3. Age (older means longer).
  4. Degree of female novelty (newer female present leads to a shorter refractory period).
  5. Number of previous ejaculates.
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19
Q

How does memory affect mating?

A

A bad experience may lead to a refusal to mate in the future.

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20
Q

What is the default gender for all animals prenatally?

A

Female.

21
Q

How is an embryo feminized?

A

No prenatal steroid exposure.

22
Q

How is an embryo masculinized?

A

Prenatal exposure to T or E2.

23
Q

What are the behaviors of a castrated female when given no steroids?

A

No estrus behavior.

24
Q

What are the behaviors of a castrated female when given E2?

A

Estrus behavior.

25
Q

What are the behaviors of a castrated female when given P4 and then E2?

A

Maximum estrus behavior.

26
Q

What are the behaviors of a castrated female when given T?

A

Male-like behavior.

27
Q

What are the behaviors of a castrated male when given no steroids?

A

Decreased sexual behavior.*

*If the male was intact for long enough prior to castration, the behaviors may be displayed because they are learned and not hormone driven.

28
Q

What are the behaviors of a castrated male when given T?

A

Sex behavior restored.

29
Q

What are the behaviors of a castrated male when given DHT?

A

Decreased sexual behavior.

30
Q

What are the behaviors of a castrated male when given E2?

A

Sex behavior restored.

31
Q

What hormone do both males and females require for sexual behavior?

A

E2.

32
Q

What role does olfaction have in reproductive behavior?

A

Picking up on pheromones produced by males and females.

33
Q

What male species produce pheromones?

A
  1. Humans.
  2. Boars.
34
Q

What female species produce hormones during estrus?

A

All females.

35
Q

What animals besides bovines can pick up on a cow’s estrus pheromones?

A
  1. Rats.
  2. Dogs.
36
Q

What is a pheromone?

A

A volatile substance which elicits specific behaviors in the recipient.

37
Q

What is the flehmen response?

A

When a male horse curls his upper lip in response to stimuli.

38
Q

What is the purpose of the flehmen repsonse?

A

To trap olfactory stimuli in the nose to allow the vomeronasal organ to send a message to the brain.

39
Q

What is auditory sensory input used for in reproductive behavior?

A
  1. Long-range signaling.
    ex: Cow bellow, sow grunt.
40
Q

What is visual sensory input used for in reproduction?

A
  1. Posturing.
  2. Males observe other males for female mounting.
  3. Valuable for close encounters.
41
Q

What is tactile sensory input used for in reproduction?

A
  1. Final stimulus for copulation.
  2. Chin resting on the rump of cows.
  3. Biting on the whithers or neck of mares.
  4. Boar nudging the flank of the sow.
  5. May contribute to an erection.
42
Q

What is required for an erection besides sexual stimuli?

A
  1. Vasodilation.
  2. Inhibition of vasoconstriction.
  3. Relaxation of the retractor penis muscle.
43
Q

What are the steps of emission?

A
  1. Sensory stimulation
  2. Stimulation of nerves in the supraoptic and the paraventricular nucleus.
  3. OT is released from the posterior pituitary gland.
  4. Contractions of smooth muscle in the distal tail of the epididymis and the ductus deferens.
  5. Transport of sperm to an ejaculatory position.
44
Q

What are the steps of ejaculation?

A
  1. Intromission.
  2. Sensory stimulation of the glans penis via temperature and pressure.
  3. Contractions of urethralis and striated muscle (Bulbospongiosis and Ischiocavernosus).
  4. Expulsion of semen
45
Q

What animal is notorious for displaying homosexual behaviors?

A

Cattle.

46
Q

Why is homosexual behavior useful in animals?

A

Useful to detect when females are in estrus. This may have been enhanced by artificial selection.
* Allows for bulls to be collected off of other bulls.
**Can be influenced by management practices.

47
Q

What hormones are present in prepartum?

A
  1. High E2.
  2. Low P4.
  3. PRL (can cross the blood-brain barrier).
48
Q

What hormones are present in post-partum?

A
  1. PRL for lactation and bonding (Maternal, paternal, and alloparental).
  2. OT (intracerebral production-social bonding).
  3. Opioids (decreases social bonding).

ANS 327: Reproductive Physiology (23 decks)

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