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ANS 327: Reproductive Physiology > Embryogenesis of Pituitary Gland and Reproductive Tract > Flashcards

Embryogenesis of Pituitary Gland and Reproductive Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is the stomodeum?

A

Part of the embryonic mouth.

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2
Q

What is Rathke’s Pouch?

A

Part of the stomodeum.

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3
Q

What is the infundibulum in the case of pituitary gland development?

A

A funnel-shaped structure at the base of the brain.

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4
Q

In what direction does the infundibulum grow during pituitary gland development?

A

Down towards the mouth.

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5
Q

In what direction does Rathke’s pouch grow during pituitary gland development?

A

Up towards the brain.

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6
Q

What connects Rathke’s pouch to the stomodeum?

A

A stalk that regresses when Rathke’s pouch fuses with the infundibulum.

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7
Q

What structure becomes the posterior pituitary gland?

A

The infundibulum.

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8
Q

What structure becomes the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Rathke’s Pouch.

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9
Q

What is the sella turcica?

A

The cavity in the sphenoid bone that houses the pituitary gland.

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10
Q

What is the alternate name for the genital ridge?

A

The gonadal ridge.

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11
Q

Where do primordial germ cells come from in mammals?

A

The gut, specifically the endoderm.

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12
Q

How are primordial germ cells transported in birds?

A

The bloodstream.

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13
Q

Where do primordial germ cells end up in mammals?

A

The gonadal/genital ridge.

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14
Q

What does the genital/gonadal ridge become?

A

An ovary or a testis.

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15
Q

What did the Jost (Yahst) experiment discover?

A

Removing the Mullerian ducts still leads to the embryo being female (in the absence of T and AMH stimulation).

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16
Q

What are the two types of ducts found in the embryo?

A
  1. Mullerian (paramesonephric) duct.
  2. Wolffian (mesonephric) duct.
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17
Q

What are the steps of sex determination in mammals?

A
  1. Chromosomal sex.
  2. Gonadal sex.
  3. Hormonal sex.
  4. Phenotypic sex.
  5. Behavioral and/or Brain sex.
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18
Q

How chromosomes are in one pair in mammals?

A

Two chromosomes.

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19
Q

What determines sex in seaworms, fish, and reptiles?

A

The environment.

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20
Q

What animals have multiple sex chromosomes?

A

Invertebrates, reptiles, insects.

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21
Q

What animals are haplodiploid?

A

Bees and spiders.

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22
Q

What does haplodiploid mean?

A

When either the male or female does not possess all of the chromosomes required to produce offspring.

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23
Q

What are the sex chromosome combinations that result in males?

A
  1. XY.
  2. XXY.
  3. XXYY.
  4. XXXY.
    *2-4 results in males with impaired sperm production.
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24
Q

What are the sex chromosome combinations that result in females?

A
  1. XX.
  2. XXX.
25
Q

What sex chromosome combination results in a female with incomplete ovarian development?

A

XO.
*Turner’s Syndrome.

26
Q

On which sex chromosome is the gene controlling testicular differentiation found on in mammals?

A

The Y-Chromosome.

27
Q

What does the SRY gene code for the production of?

A

Testis Determining Factor (TDF).

28
Q

What is the function of testis determining factor?

A

To act as a DNA-binding protein and a transcription factor.

29
Q

What does (TDF) cause to occur?

A
  1. Development of Sertoli cells.
  2. Anti-Mullerian Hormone to be produced by the Sertoli cells.
  3. Primary sex chord/seminiferous tubule development.
30
Q

What occurs if the SRY gene is absent?

A

The secondary sex chords (egg nests) develop.

31
Q

What does Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) do?

A

It prevents Mullerian ducts from forming.

32
Q

What are three other functions that the Y-chromosome codes for?

A
  1. Long bone growth.
  2. Androgen production.
  3. Spermatogenesis.
33
Q

What are the male and female sex chromosomes in birds?

A
  1. Males: ZZ*.
  2. Female: ZW**.
    *The SRY gene is found on the Z chromosome.
    **The W chromosome determines sex.
34
Q

What does the testosterone secreted from the Leydig cells cause the formation of?

A
  1. Epididymis.
  2. Seminal vesicles.
  3. Vas deferens.
35
Q

What are the steps of female tract development?

A

1a. No Testosterone.
1b. Wolffian ducts regress.
2a. No AMH.
2b. Mullerian ducts become the uterus, oviducts, cervix, and anterior vagina.

36
Q

What causes the differences in the uterine body between species?

A

The differences in the degree of fusion of the Mullerian ducts.

37
Q

What does the synthesis of DHT cause to form?

A
  1. Penis.
  2. Accessory sex glands (Prostate and Cowper’s gland).
  3. Scrotum.
38
Q

How do males and females differ in behavior?

A
  1. Males are more aggressive when playing.
  2. Males are better at spatial recognition and organizing things into a space.
39
Q

What happens if a female rat is given a dose of testosterone shortly after birth?

A

The female will fail to copualte or cycle as an adult.

40
Q

What part of the hypothalamus must be deactivated or removed for the hypothalamus to be defeminized?

A

The surge center.

41
Q

What are the steps of hypothalamus defeminization?

A
  1. Testosterone crosses the blood-brain barrier.
  2. Testosterone is converted into estradiol.
  3. Estradiol deactivates the surge center.
42
Q

If estradiol is the hormone that causes defeminization, then why is the hypothalamus in females unaffected?

A

Females have a higher level of alpha-fetoprotein, which binds to estradiol and prevents it from crossing the blood-brain barrier.

43
Q

Where is alpha-fetoprotein produced?

A
  1. Fetal liver.
  2. Embryonic yolk sac.
44
Q

What is the biochemical classification of alpha-fetoprotein?

A

Glycoprotein.

45
Q

What tissue are undescended testis bound to?

A

The peritoneum.

46
Q

Are the testes full size when testicular descent occurs?

A

No.

47
Q

What is the heritability of cryptorchidism?

A

Highly heritable.

48
Q

What are the two types of cryptorchidism?

A
  1. Unilateral: One testis fails to descend. Still fertile.
  2. Bilateral: Both testes fail to descend. Sterile.
49
Q

What does cryptorchidism cause the germ cells to do?

A

Fail to multiply and then die. This leaves only sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules.

50
Q

What type of cancer are cryptorchid individuals more likely to develop?

A

Testicular cancer.

51
Q

What is an inguinal hernia?

A

When a loop of the intestine is pulled down with the testis.
*If not corrected, the loop may become necrotic and will kill the animal.

52
Q

How is an inguinal hernia detected?

A

Finding an abnormal bulge in the scrotum.

53
Q

What is a Freemartin?

A

A female who was exposed to T and AMH due to having a fused placenta with her male twin.

54
Q

When does the placental fusion occur, leading to a shared blood supply in Freemartins?

A

At the time of testis formation, but before ovarian formation.

55
Q

What is special about the blood of a freemartin and its twin?

A

Their blood is chimeric because they possess some WBCs that have XX sex chromosomes and some white blood cells that possess XY sex chromosomes.

56
Q

What is the frequency of Freemartinism?

A

93%+.

57
Q

What are the reproductive characteristics of Freemartins?

A
  1. Ovatestis.
  2. Adult male behavior.
  3. No Mullerian ducts.
  4. No anterior vagina.
  5. Clitoral enlargement and protrusion.
  6. No uterus, cervix, or oviducts.
58
Q

What are the characteristics of complete androgen insensitivity in an XY individual look-like?

A
  1. No androgen receptors.
  2. Have testes instead of ovaries.
  3. No T response —> No Wolffian duct development.
  4. Mullerian duct regression due to AMH.
  5. External genitalia is female.
59
Q

What are the characteristics of 5alpha reductase deficiency in an XY individual look-like?

A
  1. Testis.
  2. Mullerian duct regression due to AMH.
  3. Wolffian duct development.
  4. Pseudovagina and female external genitalia until puberty (become more phenotypically male).
  5. No DHT.

ANS 327: Reproductive Physiology (23 decks)

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