Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANS 327: Reproductive Physiology > Pregnancy Loss and Parturition > Flashcards

Pregnancy Loss and Parturition Flashcards

1
Q

What four things contribute to an increased chance of prenatal loss?

A
  1. Nutritional stress.
  2. Diseases of the reproductive tract (STD or STI) or those that affect the reproductive tract.
  3. Endocrine imbalances.
  4. Aging of the gametes prior to fertilization.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the three parts of nutritional stress?

A
  1. Energy shortage (The order of priority is: Maintenance, growth, reproduction).
  2. Mineral imbalances (Too high or too low).
  3. Vitamin deficiencies.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the aging of the gamete refer to?

A

How long it has been since the gamete was ejaculated or ovulated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What three things cause the fetal adrenal glands to change size?

A
  1. Lack of space in the uterus.
  2. Lack of gas exchange.
  3. Lack of nutrients.
    *All cause the fetus stress.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What hormone in the fetus’s body increases at parturition?

A

Fetal cortisol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is CRH?

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is ACTH?

A

Adrenocorticotropin hormone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the steps of parturition from fetal distress to the release of fetal corticosteroids?

A
  1. Fetal nutrition demands and placental insufficiency lead to stress.
  2. The hypothalamus releases CRH.
  3. CRH stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release ACTH.
  4. ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex.
  5. The adrenal cortex releases fetal corticosteroids (cortisol).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does cortisol affect the lungs?

A

It causes surfactant production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does surfactant do in the lungs?

A

Prevent the alveoli from collapsing during breathing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does cortisol affect the liver?

A

It causes the liver to start storing glycogen for energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does cortisol affect the thyroid?

A

It causes thyroid hormones to be released that stimulate the metabolism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens to P4, E2, and PGF2a when cortisol reaches the placentome?

A
  1. P4 decreases.
  2. E2 increases.
  3. PGF2a increases.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does the increase in E2 cause?

A
  1. Increased gap junctions in the myometrium.
  2. Increased number of OT receptors in the myometrium.
  3. The degradation of the CL.
  4. Cervical ripening.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the increase in PGF2a cause?

A
  1. CL degradation.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the degradation of the CL cause?

A
  1. The release of relaxin (RXL), which contributes to cervical ripening.
  2. The release of OT, which causes the uterine endometrium to produce PGF2a.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens when an increased number of gap junctions is combined with an increased amount of PGF2a from the uterine endometrium?

A

Organized “practice” contractions by the uterus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does cervical ripening refer to?

A

The opening and thinning of the cervix due to collagen breakdown.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the steps of the cervix stimulating the brain to cause a contraction?

A
  1. Sensory neurons in the cervix are stimulated and send a message to the brain.
  2. The brain releases OT from the posterior pituitary gland in response to the message.
  3. Myometrial contractions occur.
20
Q

What is the normal orientation of a fetus prior to parturition?

A
  1. On their back.
21
Q

What is the normal orientation of a fetus slightly before to during parturition?

A

The fetus reorients itself so that its front feet and head will exit first.

22
Q

What is a breech presentation?

A

Any presentation that is not front feet and head first.

23
Q

In what animal is orientation not important?

A

Pigs.

24
Q

What can abnormal orientation result in?

A

Dystocia.

25
Q

What is dystocia?

A

Difficult birth.

26
Q

What are the leading causes of dystocia?

A
  1. Excessive fetal size.
  2. Abnormal presentation.
  3. Twins (Both try to go at once, one blocks the other, or uterine fatigue).
  4. Fescue toxicosis.
27
Q

What is the most common cause of dystocia in horses?

A

Abnormal presentation.

28
Q

What is the most common cause of dystocia in cattle?

A

Excessive fetal size (90% of the time).

29
Q

What are the perinatal changes to the cardiovascular system of the fetus?

A
  1. The ductus arteriosis (which directs a large amount of blood straight to the aorta and not the lungs) closes.
  2. Ductus venosus (which directs blood away from the liver) closes.
  3. Foramen ovale (the opening that connects the L and R atria) closes.
30
Q

What are the perinatal fetal changes for thermoregulation in the fetus?

A
  1. Increased metabolism/thyroid activity.
  2. Production of brown fat.
31
Q

What must the fetus rely on for energy until it starts suckling?

A

Glycogen stores.

32
Q

What is the immune status of a newborn?

A

They possess no antibodies.

33
Q

What does colostrum provide newborns?

A

Passive immunity from the mother (the antibodies are absorbed through the gut during the first 1-2 days following birth).

34
Q

What three animals receive some antibodies from the mother via transfer across the placenta?

A
  1. Rat.
  2. Rabbit.
  3. Human.
35
Q

What happens to the uterus after parturition?

A

It undergoes involution or returns to its pre-pregnant state.

36
Q

What happens to the myometrium during uterine involution?

A

Shrinkage and atrophy.

37
Q

What happens to the uterine lumen during uterine involution?

A

Elimination of bacteria.

38
Q

What happens to the endometrium during uterine involution?

A

Repair.

39
Q

How long does uterine involution take?

A

2-3 weeks.

40
Q

What is the cascade that occurs during the resumption of the estrous cycle?

A
  1. Hypothalamus.
  2. Anterior pituitary gland.
  3. Ovaries.
    4a. Steroids.
    4b. Follicles
  4. Estrous cycle.
41
Q

When does the resumption of the estrous cycle occur?

A

4-6 weeks following birth.
*Enough time for uterine involution.

42
Q

True or False: Fertility increases with the # of estrous cycles following birth.

A

True.

43
Q

What can delay a female entering estrus?

A

Lactation.

44
Q

What animal has a strong lactational anestrus?

A

Swine.

45
Q

What happens to mares 9-10 days after foaling?

A

They enter into foal heat and can be rebred (depending on body condition).

46
Q

What occurs in sows 3-5 days after farrowing?

A

Anovulatory estrus.

47
Q

How long after weaning do sows enter estrus?

A

3-5 days later.

ANS 327: Reproductive Physiology (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions