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ANS 327: Reproductive Physiology > Reproductive Cyclicity in Females > Flashcards

Reproductive Cyclicity in Females Flashcards

1
Q

What is estrus?

A

A noun that refers to a specific stage of the cycle. Also referred to as heat.

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2
Q

What is estrous?

A

An adjective that refers to the name of the overall cycle.

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3
Q

What is anestrus?

A

When a female is not having repeated estrus cycles. Is normally temporary.

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4
Q

What is polyestrous?

A

When the estrous cycle repeatedly occurs throughout the year w/o seasonal influence.
ex: Queen, sow, cow, rodents.

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5
Q

What is seasonal polyestrous?

A

Having repeated cycles within a year but only during certain seasons.

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6
Q

What are short-day breeders?

A

Animals that breed when the daylight is declining.
ex: Sheep, goats, deer.
*Have a short gestation.

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7
Q

What are long day breeders?

A

Animals that breed when the daylight is increasing.
ex: Horses.

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8
Q

What is monestrus?

A

Animals that have one cycle per year.
*Will be in estrus or heat longer.

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9
Q

What is the follicular phase?

A

When follicles are the dominate ovarian structure.

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10
Q

What is the dominant hormone in the follicular phase?

A

Estrogen.
*Regression of the previous CL to next dominant follicle.

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11
Q

What is the luteal phase?

A

When the corpus luteum is the dominant ovarian structure

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12
Q

What is the dominant hormone in the luteal phase?

A

P4.
*Ovulation to CL degradation.

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13
Q

What is proestrus?

A
  1. The stage immediately preceding estrus.
  2. Lasts 25 days.
  3. Begins when the previous CL has been made non-functional.
  4. Ends with the onset of estrus.
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14
Q

What occurs with hormones during proestrus?

A

It shifts from P4 dominance to E2 dominance, with E2 peaking at the end of proestrus.

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15
Q

What occurs in the ovary during proestrus?

A
  1. Enlargement of the ovulatory follicle.
  2. Antrum enlarges.
  3. E2 increases.
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16
Q

What occurs in the rest of the tract during proestrus?

A
  1. Vascularity increases.
  2. Endometrial gland growth in the uterus.
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17
Q

What is metestrus?

A

The time between ovulation and the formation of a functional CL.

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18
Q

What occurs in the hormones during metestrus?

A
  1. Low E2.
  2. Low P4.
19
Q

What occurs in the ovary during metestrus?

A
  1. Corpus hemorrhagicum forms and transitions into a CL.
    *When cows ovulate.
20
Q

What occurs in the rest of the tract during metestrus?

A
  1. Low E2.
  2. Decreased uterine contractions.
  3. Endometrial glands continue to develop coil.
    *Cows have bloody vaginal discharge. Called uterine diapedesis and is caused by local inflammation leading to leaky vasculature.
21
Q

What occurs in the gonadotropins during metestrus?

A

Increased FSH initiates a wave of follicles on the ovary.
* The negative feedback loop has been removed.

22
Q

What is diestrus?

A
  1. The longest stage.
  2. Begins with P4 production.
23
Q

What occurs in the hormones during diestrus?

A

Increased P4. P4 is the dominant hormone.

24
Q

What occurs in the ovary during diestrus?

A
  1. CL is present.
  2. The CL regresses as PGF2a increases.
25
Q

What occurs in the rest of the tract during diestrus?

A
  1. Uterine secretions begin high but decrease as diestrus progresses.
  2. No uterine contractions.
26
Q

What occurs in the gonadotropins during diestrus?

A

FSH increases but fluctuates based on follicle waves.

27
Q

What is estrus?

A
  1. The behavioral changes in response to high E2.
  2. Receptive to mating.
  3. Showing signs of heat.
28
Q

What occurs in the hormones during estrus?

A

E2 declines.

29
Q

What occurs in the ovary during estrus?

A

About 24-48 hours after the LH surge, ovulation occurs.

30
Q

What occurs in the rest of the tract during estrus?

A
  1. Uterine motility towards the oviduct for sperm transport.
  2. Increase in cervical volume.
  3. The mucus thins so sperm can move through.
31
Q

What occurs in the gonadotropins during estrus?

A
  1. LH surge.
  2. FSH increase.
32
Q

What is different about the mare estrous cycle?

A
  1. Longer estrus period.
  2. LH rise, but not a true surge.
33
Q

What is it called in bitches when diestrus and anestrus occur sequentially?

A

Interestrus.

34
Q

How do monestrus cycles differ from other cycles?

A

The phases are drawn out.

35
Q

What is different about the oocyte that bitches ovulate?

A

It has not completed meiosis II. It completes it once P4 levels are high enough.

36
Q

Describe proestrus in the bitch (length, hormones, physical changes).

A
  1. Lasts 7-10 days, but the range is 4-20.
  2. Part of the follicular phase.
  3. Estrus cycle in the beginning.
  4. Increased E2 that peaks at the end of proestrus.
  5. Vulva swelling, uterine diapedesis, and keratinization of the vaginal epithelium in the anterior vagina.
37
Q

Describe estrus in the bitch (length, hormones, physical changes).

A
  1. Lasts an avg. of 9 days, range of 3-10 days.
  2. E2 decreases, LH surges, and P4 increases a little before the end of estrus.
  3. Receptive to the male.
  4. Ovulation towards the end of estrus.
  5. Part of the follicular phase.
  6. Vaginal keratinization is maximized.
38
Q

Describe diestrus in the bitch (length, hormones, physical changes).

A
  1. Lasts an average of 70-80 days.
  2. Part of the luteal phase.
  3. Occurs 6 days post-ovulation.
  4. P4 starts high but declines.
  5. Ends on two conditions:
    5a. Pregnancy: P4 decreases.
    5b. Non-pregnant: P4 decrease.
    *Pseudopregnancy (special case): No PGF produced for CL regression.
39
Q

Describe anestrus in the bitch (length, hormones, physical changes).

A
  1. Lasts 4+ months.
  2. Duration dependent on environment, individual, and breed.
  3. Decrease in steroid concentration.
40
Q

How does the estrus cycle of an indoor cat differ from that of an outdoor cat?

A

Outdoor cats undergo a seasonal influence(changes in the amount of light), while indoor cats tend to be cycling year-round.

41
Q

How long is postestrus in queens?

A

8 days (Current follicle regression and new follicle growth).

42
Q

During estrus, what kinds of behavior do queens display?

A

Vocalization, lordosis(arched back), restlessness.

43
Q

What percentage of queens ovulate after the first mating?

A

50%. Fertility increases with the number of matings until 8-12 matings have occurred during one estrus.

ANS 327: Reproductive Physiology (23 decks)

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