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Reproduction, Development and Ageing > Spermatogenesis and Male Tract > Flashcards

Spermatogenesis and Male Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main morphological difference between the ovaries and the testes?

A

In ovaries - germ and granulosa cells found at the edges of the ovary

Testes - germ and epithelial cells cluster and form cords in the centre of the structure

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2
Q

Spermatogonia are derived from ____ cells

A

Germ

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3
Q

Sertoli cells are derived from ____ cells

A

Epithelial

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4
Q

Descent of the testis occurs at month ____ of foetal life

A

7-8

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5
Q

What is the influence of AMH on descent of the testes?

A

Controls descent from abdominal cavity to internal inguinal ring

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6
Q

What is the influence of testosterone on descent of the testes?

A

Controls descent from internal inguinal ring to scrotal sac

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7
Q

Two forms of cryptorchidism are ____ and ____

A

Incomplete and maldescent

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8
Q

Cryptorchidism affects __% of babies at full term, and ___% of premature male babies

A

3

30

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9
Q

Leydig cells secrete testosterone for ___ weeks onwards.

A

8-10

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10
Q

What are the purposes of the foetal and neonatal testosterone peaks?

A

Foetal = programming of the hypothalamus

Neonatal = programming of the gonads (and brain tissue)

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11
Q

What are the testicular changes that occur in puberty?

A
  • Marked increase in proliferation of spermatogonia
  • Cords develop a lumen and become seminiferous tubules
  • Beginning of sperm production
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12
Q

How does the tail of the epididymis differ to the other components?

A

Foldings decrease and muscular tube becomes thicker

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13
Q

How do sertoli cells appear histologically?

A

Triangular cells sitting on the basement membrane

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14
Q

How are spermatogonia separated from spermatocytes in the testes?

A

Junctional complex of the sertoli cells

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15
Q

The meiotic division in spermatogenesis takes approximately ___ weeks

A

3

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16
Q

What are the three phases of spermiogenesis?

A
  1. Golgi phase
  2. Cap phase
  3. Maturation phase
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17
Q

It takes approx ____ days for spermatogonia to move from the basal lamina to the lumen

A

74

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18
Q

It takes ___ days between successive waves of developing spermatozoa

A

16

19
Q

‘Normal’ ejaculate contains ____ million sperm but highly variable, and number of motile sperm important

A

100-300

20
Q

The pituitary is necessary for ___ and ___ of the testis

A

Growth and maintenance

21
Q

LH acts on ____ cells in the testis whereas FSH acts on ____ cells

A

Leydig

Sertoli

22
Q

In the fatty tissues of the body testosterone is converted to oestrogen via _____

A

Aromatase

23
Q

Inhibin suppresses FSH/LH only

A

FSH

24
Q

What is the effect of DHT on spermatogenesis?

A
  1. Meiosis - especially prophase of 1st division
  2. Spermatid maturation - at higher levels than for meiosis
  3. Stimulates ABP
25
Q

What effect do oestrogen/testosterone have on LH concentration and pulse frequency?

A
  • Testosterone decreases pulse frequency

- Oestrogen decreases concentration

26
Q

What are the roles of estrogen in men?

A
  1. Negative feedback control - peripheral conversion of T to E2
  2. Enhances action of androgens (fibromuscular growth)
27
Q

What were the ovarian effects in aromatase knockout mice?

A
  • Follicles develop but do not progress to ovulation
  • Follicles become ST-like structures by one year, develop sertoli cells w/ Tight junctions
  • Leydig cells develop in interstitial tissue
28
Q

What were the testicular effects in aromatase knockout mice?

A

Interruption of spermatogenesis at early stage spermatid development

29
Q

What is the hormonal abnormality in sertoli-cell only syndrome?

A

Lack of inhibin (-> elevated FSH)

30
Q

What is the function of the bulbourethral glands?

A

Secrete a clear, viscous secretion into the urethra creating a low coefficient lining

31
Q

Sperm maturation takes place in the epididymis for about __ weeks

A

2

32
Q

What changes occur in sperm maturation?

A
  • Residual cytoplasm absorbed
  • Increased formation of disulphide bonds in structural proteins
  • Increased surface changes
  • Conc increases 100x
33
Q

What is the role of oestrogen in sperm maturation?

A

Resorption of fluid to increase sperm concentration

34
Q

Which organs input into seminal fluid?

A
  • Seminal vesicles (13-33%)
  • Prostate (46-80%)
  • Epididymis/ampullae (10%)
35
Q

What is the pH and components of fluid from the seminal vesicles?

A
  • pH 7.3

- Fructose + prostaglandins

36
Q

What occurs in the emission phase of erection and ejaculation?

A

Emission of semen from ducts and glands by contraction of smooth muscle

37
Q

What occurs in the expulsion phase of erection and ejaculation?

A

Expulsion of semen by contraction of somatic muscles

38
Q

The emission phase is under sympathetic/parasympathetic control whereas the expulsion phase is under sympathetic/parasympathetic control

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

39
Q

What is retrograde ejaculation?

A

Failure of the internal sphincter of the bladder to close during ejaculation

40
Q

Which muscles are involved in the expulsion phase of ejaculation?

A

Bulbo-spongiosus and ischiocavernosus

41
Q

What are the fractionations of ejaculate?

A
  1. Initially a few drops of fluid from urethra and bulbourethral glands
  2. Prostate-rich portion
  3. Middle portion - part SV + sperm-rich fraction from epididymis/ampulle
  4. Viscous portion from SV (post sperm)
42
Q

Which chemicals are involved in the physiology erection?

A

NO and guanosine monophosphate

43
Q

Which characteristics of sperm are analysed in the assessment of male infertility?

A
  1. Liquification
  2. Volume
  3. Sperm concentration
  4. Motility
  5. Grade of motility
  6. Morphology
  7. Debris

Reproduction, Development and Ageing (26 decks)

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