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Reproduction, Development and Ageing > Female Tract, Oogenesis + Endocrine control > Flashcards

Female Tract, Oogenesis + Endocrine control Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the anatomical position of the female fallopian tubes important?

A

There is no physical connection between the ovaries and the fallopian tubes

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2
Q

Ovarian follicle = ____ + ____

A

Oocytes + support cells

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3
Q

Ovarian follicles are located in the ____ of the ovary

A

Cortex

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4
Q

Oogonia develop in the _____ and then migrate to the _____

A

Yolk Sac

Genital ridges

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5
Q

Gonads are undifferentiated until around ____ weeks

A

6

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6
Q

Mitotic division of oogonia occurs until about _____ months of gestational age

A

6

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7
Q

Oogonia arrest meiotic divisions in ____

A

Metaphase I

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8
Q

What are the characteristic feature(s) of a primordial follicle?

A

Flattened granulosa cells

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9
Q

Cuboidal granulosa cells are a characteristic feature of which ovarian follicle?

A

Primary follicle

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10
Q

What are the characteristic feature(s) of a secondary follicle?

A

Multi-layered granulosa cells and thecal cells

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11
Q

An antrum is a characteristic feature of which stage in follicular development?

A

Small tertiary follicle

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12
Q

What are the characteristic feature(s) of a large tertiary follicle?

A

Cumulus oophorous

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13
Q

Granulosa cells express ___ receptors and produce ___, ____ and ____

A

FSH

Oestrogen, inhibin, AMH

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14
Q

Thecal cells express ___ receptors and produce ____

A

LH

Androgens

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15
Q

What is the function of the Zona Pellucida?

A
  • Filtering normal sperm

- Preventing polyspermy

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16
Q

What is the difference in function between zona pellucida proteins 1, 2 and 3?

A

ZP1: laid down in primordial follicle

ZP2 and ZP3: sperm inactivation, added to activated follicles

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17
Q

What is the role of AMH in follicular development?

A

Prevents progression of primary -> primordial follicles

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18
Q

Which hormone can be used as a measure of follicular reserve?

A

AMH

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19
Q

Cells of the corpus lutem are predominantly involved in the production of ____

A

Progesterone

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20
Q

The first day of the ovarian cycle is the first day of _____

A

Menstruation

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21
Q

Which hormone induces ovulation?

A

LH

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22
Q

What are the two feedback mechanisms of oestrogen in the ovarian cycle?

A
  1. Suppress GnRH/FSH/LH as follicles develop (negative feedback)
  2. Stimulate production of LH at ~day 10 (positive feedback)
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23
Q

Inhibin is produced by ____ cells and inhibits ____

A

Granulosa

FSH

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24
Q

Increase in _____ causes increase in basal body temperature following ovulation.

A

Progesterone

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25
Q

Activated follicles can be recognised by changes in ____ and number of _____ cells surrounding the oocyte

A

Morphology

Granulosa cells

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26
Q

It takes approx ____ months from time of follicular activation to formation of an antrum (containing follicular fluid) and to be capable of ovulation

A

3

27
Q

The ovarian cycle is split up into the ____ phase and the ____ phase

A

Follicular

Luteal

28
Q

What is a follicular wave?

A

Development of a group of follicles with each menstrual cycle

29
Q

Menstrual cycle length ____ with age and is more variable at the ____ and ____

A

Decreases

Beginning and end

30
Q

The _____ phase of the menstrual cycle is longer and more variable in length than the ____ phase

A

Follicular

Luteal

31
Q

What are some examples of how the reproductive life cycles of our early ancestors differ from those currently?

A
  • Puberty later
  • Earlier pregnancy
  • More children
  • Shorter life span
32
Q

Why is the fallopian tube tortuous in nature?

A

To allow close contact of the embryo to the maternal surface

33
Q

What kind of cells comprise the epithelial lining of the fallopian tubes?

A

Ciliated and secretory

34
Q

What effect does oestrogen have on the fallopian tubes?

  • Cilia
  • Secretory activity
  • Muscular activity
A
  • Increase cilia
  • Increase secretory activity
  • Increase muscular activity
35
Q

What effect does progesterone have on the fallopian tubes?

  • Cilia
  • Secretory activity
  • Muscular activity
A
  • Decreased muscular activity
  • Decrease in cilia
  • Increase in beat frequency (after oestrogen priming)
  • Decrease volume of secretion
36
Q

What is the difference in volume between a non-pregnant and pregnant uterus?

A

Non-pregnant has a luminal volume of ~10mL

Pregnant ~5L

37
Q

What is the normal orientation of the uterus?

A

Anteverted

38
Q

What proportion of women have a retroverted uterus?

A

20-25%

39
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus?

A

Serosa
Myometrium
Endometrium

40
Q

The myometrium is approx ___% of the non-pregnant uterus

A

90%

41
Q

What are the two layers of the endometrium?

A

Basal layer and functional layer

42
Q

During pregnancy, the endometrium becomes the ____

A

Decidua

43
Q

What histological feature distinguishes the endometrial proliferative phase from the secretory phase?

A

Tortured glands in the secretory phase

44
Q

What is the purpose of the decidual reaction?

A

Prepare the uterine wall for implantation of the embryo

45
Q

What two changes occur in the decidual reaction?

A

Fibroblast-like cells expand and fill with glycogen

Stroma of endometrium become oedematous

46
Q

Which arteries are located at the myometrial/endometrial boundary?

A

Spiral arteries

47
Q

Why are spiral arteries spiral in shape?

A

Vessels and gland grow faster than stromal tissue

48
Q

How is exsanguination prevented in menstruation?

A
  • Vessels clamp
  • Necrosis of functional endometrial layer
  • Tissue dies and is sloughed off
49
Q

Why do neutrophils invade into the tissue during menstruation?

A

Menustruation causes an open wound, neutrophils protect against potential infection

50
Q

What are five effects of oestrogen on the uterus?

A
  • Epithelial and stromal cell proliferation
  • Stromal oedema
  • Glandular secretions (serous)
  • Synthesis of intracellular progesterone receptors
  • Myometrial activity
51
Q

What are the effects of progesterone on the uterus?

A
  • Glandular secretions (thick) in luteal phase (against oestrogen background)
  • Stromal cell proliferation
  • Decidual reaction
  • Block myometrial activity
52
Q

What proves that the decidua is not necessary for implantation?

A

Ectopic implanation

53
Q

What are potential causes of endometriosis?

A
  • Retrograde menstruation
  • Transport of endometrial cells via blood/lymphatics
  • Growth of endometrial-like tissue from stem cells
54
Q

What are three histological features of the endocervix?

A
  • Columnar epithelium
  • Glands
  • Crypts
55
Q

The ____cervix has stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Ectocervix

56
Q

The HPV vaccine exists for serotypes __ and __

A

16 and 18

57
Q

Regular cervical smears can reduce risk of developing cervical cancer by ___%

A

90

58
Q

Regular cervical smear tests every ___ years are recommended for women, if they have ever been sexually active from age ___

A

3

20-70

59
Q

What is the predominant histological feature of the endometrium in menses?

A

Leucocytic infiltration

60
Q

What is the earliest morphological evidence of ovulation used for endometrial dating?

A

Basal vacuolation

61
Q

In which two parts of the cycle are stromal mitoses evident?

A
  • Proliferation

- Just prior to pseudodecidual reaction

62
Q

What histological features are characteristic of the late secretory phase in endometrial dating?

A
  • Pseudodecidual reaction

- Leucocytic infiltration

63
Q

Which three histological features are characteristic of the proliferative phase in endometrial dating?

A
  • Inc. gland mitoses and tortuosity
  • Inc. pseudostratification of nuclei
  • Inc. stromal mitoses

Reproduction, Development and Ageing (26 decks)

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