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Repro > Sperm Morphology, Evaluation, and Transport in the Male Tract > Flashcards

Sperm Morphology, Evaluation, and Transport in the Male Tract Flashcards

1
Q

give the three general parts of a mature sperm cell

A
  1. head
  2. midpiece
  3. tail/principle piece
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2
Q

what does a mature sperm head contain? (2)

A

nucleus and acrosome

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3
Q

what does a mature sperm midpiece contain? (2)

A

mitochondria and annulus

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4
Q

what is the annulus of a mature sperm midpiece?

A

the termal end of the midpiece

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5
Q

what is a mature sperm tail also called?

A

principle piece

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6
Q

are sperm thick?

A

no, they are wider than they are thick

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7
Q

how does the tail move sperm

A

swings like a propeller

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8
Q

what causes sperm to “flash” on a microscope?

A

as sperm move and the flat side faces up, they flash when the thin part is facing up

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9
Q

what is the neck of a mature sperm cell?

A

where the midpiece ties into the head

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10
Q

describe the structure of a mature sperm midpiece

A

coils of mitochondria around it

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11
Q

describe the structure of a mature sperm principle piece

A

fibers run through to generate energy for movement

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12
Q

what is the equitorial segment of a mature sperm cell?

A

where sperm fuse with the oocyte during fertilization

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13
Q

does the size of sperm have to do with the size of the animal?

A

no

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14
Q

do sperm have a lot of organelles? what does this mean?

A

very few organelles, can’t produce protein, so they must be packaged with what they need or get it elsewhere (like in the female tract)

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15
Q

why don’t sperm have many organelles?

A

they have a very specific job, no need

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16
Q

describe the nuclear membrane of a sperm head

A

surrounds nucleus

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17
Q

describe the inner acrosomal membrane of a sperm head

A

between acrosome and nuclear membrane

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18
Q

describe the outer acrosomal membrane of a sperm head

A

surrounds outside of acrosome

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19
Q

describe the plasma membrane of a sperm head

A

surrounds entire cell

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20
Q

list the sperm membranes from inside to outside

A
  1. nuclear membrane
  2. inner acrosomal membrane
  3. outer acrosomal membrane
  4. plasma membrane
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21
Q

what 2 enzymes are found in the acrosome of sperm?

A

hyaluronidase and acrosin

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22
Q

what is the function of hyaluronidase?

A

dissolve hyaluronic acid between cumulus cells

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23
Q

what is the function of acrosin?

A

dissolves a hole through zona pellucida, allowing rest of sperm cell through and to bind

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24
Q

describe the role of the acrosome in binding to the oocyte

A

the acrosome dissolves a hole for sperm to enter and bind to the oocyte, however, once the acrosome is gone, it is irreversible, so if a sperm cell uses its acrosome to dissolve a hole, that sperm cell won’t be able to bind to the oocyte, it will have to be the sperm coming behind that guy

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25
Q

lis the 5 parts of a sperm midpiece

A
  1. capitulum
  2. laminated columns
  3. mitochondrial helix
  4. axoneme
  5. annulus
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26
Q

describe the capitulum of a sperm midpiece

A

top of the midpiece

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27
Q

describe the laminated columns of a sperm midpiece

A

contribute to flexibility/motility

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28
Q

describe the mitochondrial helix of a sperm midpiece

A

provides energy for motility

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29
Q

describe the axoneme of a sperm midpiece

A

microtubules that run the length of the tail, terminate befre the terminal piece

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30
Q

describe the annulus of a sperm midpiece

A

end of the midpiece

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31
Q

list the 6 aspects of initial semen evaluation

A
  1. color
  2. volume
  3. concentration
  4. motility
  5. viability
  6. morphology
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32
Q

what is used as a marker for viability?

A

motility

33
Q

what is the goal of initial semen evaluation?

A

to assess quality

34
Q

what does a white to cream color indicate about semen?

A

it is good, light grey is also okay

35
Q

what does a yellow color indicate about semen?

A

urine is present, suggest an anatomical problem and is bad for sperm du to wrong pH and osmolarity

36
Q

what does clear color or thin apearance indicate about semen?

A

few sperm present

37
Q

what does a pink color indicate about semen?

A

blood in sample

38
Q

what is the average volume of a goat or ram sample of semen?

A

about 1 mL

39
Q

what is the average volume of a bull semen sample?

A

about 7mL

40
Q

what is the average volume of a stallion semen sample?

A

about 50-100mL

41
Q

what is the average volume of a boar semen sample?

A

250-300mL

42
Q

define concentration as a component of initial semen evaluation

A

how many sperm/mL

43
Q

what is the gold standard for measuring semen concentration?

A

hemocytometer

44
Q

give 3 other, less reliable methods of measuring semen concentration

A

spectophotometer, photometer, fluorometer

45
Q

give 3 animals that usually have a higher semen concentration

A

goats, rams, bulls

46
Q

what does motility evaluation also evaluate for?

A

viability

47
Q

give the 2 methods of motility evaluation

A
  1. visual estimation

2. CASA- computer aided sperm analysis

48
Q

to what percent does a visual estimation of motility round to?

A

nearest 5%

49
Q

list and describe the 2 aspects of visual estimation as a motility evaluation

A
  1. total motility: all the moving sperm

2. progressive motility: those sperm moving in a straight line

50
Q

describe CASA as a motility evaluation

A

tracks individual sperm and computes a variety of statistics on the sample

51
Q

what is the key to usefulness of data obtained for motility evaluation?

A

sample preparation

52
Q

list and describe the 2 schemes commonly used for morphology classifications

A
  1. Scheme A:
    - primary: head abnormalities
    - secondary: tail abnormalities, includes cytoplasmic droplets
  2. Scheme B:
    - primary: head abnormalities
    - secondary: tail abnormlities
    - tertiary: cytoplasmic droplets
53
Q

what does a proximal cytoplasmic droplet indicate?

A

maturation issues

54
Q

list the order of the transport of sperm (7)

A
  1. seminiferous tubules
  2. rete tubules
  3. vas efferentia
  4. caput epididymis
  5. corpus epididymis
  6. cauda epididymis
  7. vas deferens
55
Q

list the 2 mechanisms of sperm transport in the seminiferous tubules

A
  1. bulk fluid flow

2. contractions of myoid cells

56
Q

list the 2 mechanisms of sperm transport in the rete tubules

A
  1. fluid flow

2. rete tubule secretion

57
Q

list the 2 mechanisms of sperm transport in the vas efferentia

A
  1. fluid flow

2. cilia

58
Q

list the mechanism of sperm transport in the caput epididymis

A

smooth muscle contractions, driven by PGF2a

59
Q

list the mechanism of sperm transport in the corpus epididymis

A

muscle contractions driven by PGF2a

60
Q

list the mechanism of sperm transport in the cauda epidydmis

A

muscle contractions driven by PGF2a

61
Q

list the mechanism of sperm transport in the vas deferens

A

muscle contraction driven by OXYTOCIN

62
Q

what absolutely requires androgens?

A

epididymal function

63
Q

list and describe the 4 aspects of sperm maturation in the epididymis

A
  1. change in fertility: sperm not fertile when produced, fertile at cauda
  2. develop motility: done by cauda
  3. nuclear condensation: DNA condenses down in sperm head
  4. cytoplasmic droplet: translocates down the tail, stays at the annulus, should fall off during ejaculation
64
Q

describe the concentration function of the epididymis

A

remove water so the cauda can store more sperm

65
Q

describe the 3 secretion aspects of the epididymis

A
  1. convert testosterone into DHT via 5a reductase
  2. secrete energy substrates: free fatty acids, carnitine
  3. glycoproteins, lipids, enzymes, including decapicitation factor
66
Q

what is decapicitation factor?

A

stabilizes plasma membrane of sperm

67
Q

describe the transport function of the epididymis

A

peristaltic smooth muscle contractions driven by PGF2a

68
Q

describe the storage function of the epididymis

A

sperm can stay in cauda for up to 60 days

69
Q

which animals ejaculate in a single fraction? (3)

A

bull, ram, human

70
Q

which animals have fractionated ejaculation? (2)

A

boar and stallion

71
Q

list the 5 main components of semen

A
  1. water
  2. sperm
  3. substrates
  4. inorganic salts
  5. proteins
72
Q

where is the water in semen located?

A

in the seminal plasma

73
Q

what 4 purposes to semen substrates serve? just need to know the purposes, not the specific substrates

A
  1. energy, from fructose and sorbitol
  2. osmotic balance, from inositol
  3. motility, from GPC
  4. pH balance, maybe from citric acid
74
Q

list 5 inorganic salts in semen

A
  1. sodium
  2. potassium
  3. calcium
  4. magnesium
  5. chloride
75
Q

describe the role of proteins and lipids like cholesterol in semen

A

contribute to decapicitation factor

76
Q

which animal has the largest average ejaculate volume?

A

the boar

77
Q

which animal has the highest concentration of semen?

A

the ram

78
Q

which animal has the highest number of sperm per ejaculate?

A

the boar

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