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Repro > Female Repro Anatomy > Flashcards

Female Repro Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

list and give the amount of each organ in the female repro tract from anterior to posterior

A 
ovary (2)
oviduct (2)
uterine horns (usually 2, but species variations)
uterine body (usually 1, but species variations)
cervix (1, with some exceptions)
anerior vagina (1)
vestibule/posterior vagina (1)
vulva (1)
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2
Q

what is the dividing point between the anterior and posterior vagina?

A

the urethra

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3
Q

describe the broad ligament

A

a relatively thick, double-layered sheet of connective tissue

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4
Q

what is the big main function of the broad ligament?

A

supports and suspends the repro tract

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5
Q

list the 4 functions of the broad ligament

A
  1. physical/mechanical support
  2. vascular supply
  3. lymphatics
  4. nerves
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6
Q

list and describe the 3 sections of the broad ligament

A
  1. mesometrium: uterus
  2. mesosalpinx: oviduct
  3. mesovarium: ovary
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7
Q

what is the primary sex organ of the female?

A

the ovary

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8
Q

list the 2 categories of functions of the ovary

A
  1. endocrine

2. exocrine

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9
Q

what does endocrine mean?

A

secreted into the bloodstream

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10
Q

what does exocrine mean?

A

secreted into a duct

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11
Q

describe the endocrine function of the ovary and give some examples

A

hormonal: estrogen, progesterone, relaxin, activin, inhibin, oxytocin

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12
Q

describe the exocrine function of the ovary and give an example

A

production of female gametes; oocytes

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13
Q

what is so different about the mare ovary?

A

inside out

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14
Q

what do multiple ovulators/litter bearing ovaries look like?

A

bunch of grapes

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15
Q

what do cow ovaries look like?

A

big ole spot

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16
Q

do all follicles ovulate? what other process might happen?

A

no, 99% will undergo atresia

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17
Q

what is atresia?

A

follicular degeneration

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18
Q

how many follicles are females born with?

A

females are born with all the follicles they are going to have

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19
Q

what happens to follicle count as a female ages?

A

follicle count goes down

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20
Q

list the 4 main structures of the ovary

A
  1. cortex
  2. medulla
  3. tunica albuginea
  4. hilus
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21
Q

describe the ovarian cortex (what it contains (4) and its function)

A

contains the parenchyma (the function part of the organ), follicles, corpus luteum, oocytes and does hormone production

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22
Q

describe the ovarian medulla (what it is and what it contains (5))

A

supportive tissue, contains blood vessels, lymphatics nerves, stroma cells, and connective tissue

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23
Q

describe the ovarian tunica albuginea

A

connective tissue layer on outside of ovary

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24
Q

describe the ovarian hilus

A

where vasculature, nerves, and lymphatics enter in

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25
Q

list the 4 stages of an ovarian follicle from baby to mature

A
  1. primordial follicle
  2. primary follicle
  3. secondary follicle
  4. tertiary follicle
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26
Q

describe a primordial follicle (epithelium, cell types formed from epithelium, where its found in the ovary)

A

simple squamous epithelial cell layer surroudning the oocyte forms follicular cells, found near the surface of the ovary

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27
Q

describe a primary follicle (oocyte size, what happens to follicle cells)

A

oocyte has enlarged, follicle cells have become cuboidal/columnar shaped cells

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28
Q

describe a secondary follicle (oocyte size, follicle cells, and a new fun structure!)

A
  • oocyte has attained full size
  • follicle cells are in two or more layers and are actively dividing for proliferation
  • zona pellicuda has formed
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29
Q

what is the zona pellucida?

A

an acellular glycoprotein layer secreted by the oocyte and follicular cells that surrounds the oocyte

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30
Q

what is the importance of the zona pellucida?

A

it is what the sperm recognize and bind to for fertilization

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31
Q

give another name for tertiary follicle

A

antral follicle

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32
Q

list the 6 structures of a tertiary follicle from inside out

A
  1. oocyte
  2. cumulus oophorus
  3. granulosa cells
  4. basement membrane
  5. theca interna cells
  6. theca externa cells
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33
Q

what is the cumulus oocyte complex?

A

all cumulus oophorus cells around oocyte (will all be ovulated)

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34
Q

what are corona radiata cells?

A

a single layer, immediately around the oocyte of a tertiary follicle

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35
Q

what is the antrum in a tertiary follicle?

A

cavity filled with follicular fluid

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36
Q

what is the function of the theca interna cells?

A

endocrine function

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37
Q

what is the function of the basement membrane of an ovarian follicle?

A

to keep the follicle from the capillary network

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38
Q

describe the function of granulosa cells

A

primary/main hormone producer of follicle

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39
Q

list 2 hormones produced by granulosa cells

A

estradiol, inhibin

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40
Q

what happens to the corpus luteum if the animal is not pregnant?

A

the CL regresses and becomes a corpus albicans

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41
Q

what is a corpus albicans? how long does it take to go away?

A

means “white structure,” looks like a scar, take about 2-3 cycles to go away

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42
Q

will the corpus luteum form if the animal is pregnant?

A

yes, it will form whether pregnant or not

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43
Q

is the corpus luteum an inidcator of pregnancy?

A

no, just ovulation

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44
Q

will a follicle ever pass from the ovary to the oviduct?

A

no, it will stay in the ovary, is not ovulated

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45
Q

what does a preovulatory follicle look like on ultrasound and why?

A

will look like a black circle, because it is a fluid filled sac
(the antrum filled with follicular fluid)

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46
Q

what happens in the ovary to form the corpus hemorrhagicum?

A

the basement membrane breaks down and fills with blood

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47
Q

what does the corpus hemorrhagicum look like on ultrasound?

A

fuzzy

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48
Q

how long does the corpus hemorrhagicum last, and why?

A

it is short lived, only a few days, because it is a transitional state, from the production and estradiol to progesterone

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49
Q

is there any point in breeding when you see a corpus hemorrhagicum on ultrasound? why or why not?

A

no point in breeding, she has already ovulated

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50
Q

is a functional corpus luteum what are granulose cells called?

A

large luteal cells

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51
Q

in a functional corpus luteum, what are theca cells called?

A

small luteal cells

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52
Q

what does the corpus luteum do?

A

produces progesterone, which maintains pregnancy if there is a baby

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53
Q

what color is the corpus luteum?

A

orange-yellow

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54
Q

what does the corpus luteum look like on ultrasound?

A

disinct body

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55
Q

where do horses ovulate?

A

ONLY at the ovulation fossa

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56
Q

why do horses only ovulate at the ovulation fossa?

A

bc the ovary is inside out, so the cortex is on the inside and needs a way out

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57
Q

why are horses difficult to super-ovulate?

A

because their follicles are BIG (up to 2 inches) and they only ovulate at the ovulation fossa, so super-ovulation creates a bottleneck

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58
Q

what does the muscularis do for the uterus?

A

provides “tone”

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59
Q

what does tone tell you?

A

about the hormonal profile of the animal

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60
Q

when will an animal have the best tone?

A

when they are in heat

61
Q

what is the function of the muscularis of the female?

A

transport!

moves sperm towards ovary, moves the oocyte away from the ovary, moves baby in parturition

62
Q

list the 3 functions of the oviduct

A
  1. gamete transport
  2. supports early embryo development
  3. transport of embryo to uterus
63
Q

what gametes does the oviduct transport

A

sperm and oocyte

64
Q

how does the oviduct support early embryo development?

A

through secretions, since it takes 4-7 days for the embryo to get to the uterus, it needs secretions for survival

65
Q

what does the infundibulum look like and what is its function?

A

a funnel, catches oocyte and directs it to the oviduct

66
Q

what are fimbria and what is their purpose?

A

finger-like projections that pick up the oocyte and transport it to the ostium

67
Q

what is the ostium?

A

the opening of the oviduct

68
Q

what does the ampulla have and what is its function?

A

contains cilia for transport, propels oocyte towards AIJ

69
Q

compare the ampulla to the isthmus

A

ampulla has a higher surface area and a larger diameter than the isthmus

70
Q

what is the AIJ?

A

the ampullary-isthmic junction; where fertilization occurs

71
Q

compare the isthmus to the ampulla

A

thicker muscularis than ampulla

72
Q

what does the isthmus do in mammals?

A

directional muscle contractions move sperm towards AIJ and moves embryo towards uterus

73
Q

what does the utero-tubal junction regulate?

A

regulates sperm movement into oviduct, only “good” sperm allowed; regulates embryo movement into uterus until optimal uterine environment available

74
Q

describe the ovarian bursa in litter-bearing animals

A

more extensive, wraps around ovary to catch all ovulated oocytes

75
Q

what two types of cells are in the mucosa of the oviduct?

A

ciliated columnar and nonciliated columnar

76
Q

what is the function of ciliated columnar in the mucosa of the oviduct?

A

transport

77
Q

what is the function of nonciliated columnar in the mucose of the oviduct? give another name for these cells

A

secretions, Peg cells

78
Q

describe the process of ciliation/deciliation?

A

it’s a continuous process; more cilia with high estrogen right before ovulation; less cilia with high progesterone

79
Q

list the 5 main functions of the uterus

A
  1. muscle contractions
  2. absorption and phagocytosis
  3. partially prepares sperm for fertilization
  4. provides environment for embryo and fetal growth
  5. hormone production
80
Q

list the 2 things accomplished by muscle contractions of the uterus

A
  1. transport sperm from site of deposition

2. expel fetus and placenta during parturition

81
Q

when does the absorption and phagocytosis function of the uterus come into play?

A

after mating, immune related

82
Q

what is capacitation?

A

membrane changes to sperm that makes them able to fertilize an oocyte

83
Q

what is the main hormone produced by the uterus?

A

prostaglandin F2a

84
Q

list the 3 main uterus types

A

duplex, bicornuate, and simplex

85
Q

describe a duplex uterus

A

no uterine body, 2 cervices

86
Q

broadly describe a bicornuate uterus

A

2 horns, 1 cervix, 2 types

87
Q

what determines the development of uterine horns in a bicornuate uterus

A

related to the degree of fusion during fetal development

88
Q

what type of uterus do most domestic species have?

A

bicornuate of some type

89
Q

what animals have a bicornuate uterus with relatively poor-moderate uterine horns? describe their uterine body

A

more, cow, relatively small uterine body

90
Q

what is the second type of bicornuate uterus called?

A

bipartite

91
Q

what animals have a bipartite uterus?

A

bitch, queen, sow

92
Q

describe the horns and body of a bipartite uterus

A

highly developed uterine horns, very small uterine body

93
Q

what type of animals have a bipartite uterus?

A

litter-bearers

94
Q

describe a simplex uterus

A

no uterine horns

95
Q

what animals have a simplex uterus?

A

primates

96
Q

what tissue layer is the perimetrium synonomous to

A

serosa

97
Q

describe the perimetrium (which layer, tissue types)

A

the outermost layer of the uterus, transparent/thin due to simple squamous epithelium, has some connective tissue

98
Q

what tissue layer is the myometrium synonomous to?

A

the muscularis

99
Q

describe the myometrium (muscle type, directions, what it contributes to)

A

longitudinal and circular muscle, smooth muscle=sustained contractions, partial contraction contributes to tone

100
Q

when does an animal usually have good tone and why?

A

when estradiol (E2) is high, to help transport sperm with more contractions

101
Q

when does an animal have less tone and why?

A

when progesterone (P4) is high, to help baby by less contractions

102
Q

what tissue layers is the endometrium synonomous to?

A

submucosa and mucosa

103
Q

list the 2 cells the mucosa of the endometrium contains and their function

A
  1. ciliated columnar epithelium: sperm transport

2. secretory cells: in glands, are more active in the presence of P4 to provide nutrients and support for baby

104
Q

what does -metrium mean?

A

pretains to uterus

105
Q

what is the thickest uterine tissue layer?

A

the endometrium

106
Q

what are caruncles?

A

highly vascularized, raised button-like structures in ruminant uterine mucosa

107
Q

what do caruncles fuse with to form what?

A

fuse with cotyledons to form placentomes

108
Q

what animals have caruncles and cotyledons?

A

ruminants

109
Q

what does IcE mean?

A

intercaruncular endometrium

110
Q

what part of a placentome is the maternal part?

A

the caruncle

111
Q

what part of the placentome if the placental part?

A

the cotyledon

112
Q

describe the non-ruminant uterus

A

more velvety, endometrial folds, more diffuse placenta, placental attachment more even

113
Q

list the 5 functions of the cervix

A
  1. transport of sperm
  2. barrier to sperm (species dependent)- selection
  3. reservoir for sperm
  4. blocking bacterial invasion during pregnancy
  5. birth canal: expansion/dilation during parturition
114
Q

what is the opening between the cervix and the uterine body called?

A

internal cervial os

115
Q

what is the opening between the vagina and the cervix called?

A

external cervical os

116
Q

on average, how many annular rings do cows have?

A

4-5

117
Q

what is the fornix?

A

pocket where cervix protrudes a little bit into the vagine

118
Q

do all species have a fornix?

A

no

119
Q

describe the mare cervix in terms of obstacles

A

no obstacles but cervix is very dynamic; indicates hormone status

120
Q

describe the mare cervix in diestrus?

A

tightly closed

121
Q

describe the mare cervix in heat and why it’s like that

A

very open; for sperm passage amd secretes mucus

122
Q

list the 4 functions of the vagina

A
  1. copulatory organ
  2. glands secrete lubrication
  3. birth canal
  4. glands secrete pheromones
123
Q

what is the purpose of the lubrication provided by glands in the vagina

A

prevent physical trauma during copulation

124
Q

what are pheromones?

A

chemical substances, like hormones, for signalling, that get volatilzed, or turn to gas in the air, for signalling to others

125
Q

what is the function of te fornix?

A

highly secretory; mucus production

126
Q

what is the function of the anterior vagina?

A

sperm transport or deposition depending on species

127
Q

describe the anterior vagina in terms of mucus production and musculature

A

highly mucoid due to columnar epithelium, minimal musculature

128
Q

what separates the anterior and posterior vagina (other than the urethra)

A

the vulva-vaginal sphincter

129
Q

describe the vulva-vaginal sphincter in the mare

A

very well-defined, may have a hymen

130
Q

describe the posterior vagina (vestibule)

A

part of repro and urinary tract (thanks to the urethra)

131
Q

describe the tissue type found in the posterior vagina and its function

A

stratified squamous, for protection from copulation and urine exposure

132
Q

list and give the functions of the 2 types of external genitalia

A
  1. labia: closes entrance to vagina; first line of defense from microorganisms
  2. clitoris: female sensory organ
133
Q

what side is the only functioning side of the avian female repro tract? which side regresses?

A

left side functioning, right side regresses

134
Q

what is the function of the ovary in the avian repro tract?

A

produces yolk

135
Q

describe hierarchal follicle growth in the avian repro tract

A

largest follicle ovulates first, ovulate in order of size

136
Q

do avians have a corpus luteum?

A

no

137
Q

what takes up most of the avian repro tract?

A

the oviduct

138
Q

describe the 2 functions of the infundibulum in the avian

A

catches yolk, site of fertilization

139
Q

why is the site of fertilization so high up in avians compared to mammals?

A

needs time to put all the shell layers around it

140
Q

what does the magnum secrete and what is its function?

A

albumin (the egg white), protein source

141
Q

what does the isthmus secrete?

A

shell membranes

142
Q

what is the avian uterus also called and why?

A

shell gland, addds egg shell

143
Q

what else takes place in the avian uterus?

A

water absorption

144
Q

how long is sperm stored in the avian repro tract?

A

2-15 weeks

145
Q

how long is sperm stored in the mammalian repro tract?

A

24-48 hours

146
Q

what is different about avian sperm than mammalian sperm?

A

they can survive at body temperature

147
Q

where are sperm storage tubules found in avians?

A

in the utero-vaginal junction and infundibulum

148
Q

what do avian sperm seem to have that aids in survival in the female tract?

A

lipid droplets

Repro (18 decks)

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