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Repro > Male Repro Tract Anatomy Part 2 > Flashcards

Male Repro Tract Anatomy Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

list the 4 things that the interstitial space contains

A
  1. nerves
  2. lymphatics
  3. capillaries
  4. Leydig cells
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2
Q

what do Leydig cells do?

A

produce testosterone

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3
Q

describe tight junctions between cells

A

water tight seal between adjacent cells; prevents leaking

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4
Q

what is the main function of tight junctions between cells?

A

to prevent components from extracellular matrix from moving beyond tight junction

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5
Q

describe gap junctions between cells

A

channel between cells

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6
Q

describe the main function of gap junctions between cells

A

allows transport of nutrients and signalling molecules between cells

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7
Q

where are Leydig cells located and why?

A

close to blood vessels; to produce testosterone in response to LH

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8
Q

what is the relationship between testis percentage of body weight and offspring number?

A

the smaller percentage of body weight the testis are, the fewer offspring per litter

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9
Q

how are bull testes oriented?

A

vertical

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10
Q

how are ram testis oriented?

A

vertical

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11
Q

how are boar testes oriented?

A

oblique

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12
Q

how are stallion testes oriented?

A

horizontal

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13
Q

how are dog testes oriented?

A

oblique

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14
Q

how are rabbit testes oriented?

A

vertical

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15
Q

how are human testes oriented?

A

vertical

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16
Q

which animal has the largest testes by weight in grams?

A

boar

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17
Q

what are the secondary sex organs?

A

a series of tubes to convey the sperm cells to the outside (outside is a loose term)

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18
Q

list the 4 tissue layers of the secondary sex organs from outermost to innermost

A
  1. serosa
  2. muscularis
  3. submucosa
  4. mucosa
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19
Q

describe the epithelium of the serosa

A

membrane of simple squamous epithelium

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20
Q

what can the serosa be compared to?

A

a sausage casing

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21
Q

is the serosa made of only simple squamous epitheliun?

A

no there is a thin layer of underlying connective tissue too

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22
Q

is the serosa thin or thick?

A

very thin, transparent

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23
Q

describe the layers and location of the muscularis

A

layers of smooth muscle, between the serosa and the submucosa

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24
Q

describe the outer layer of the muscularis (muscle orientation, fancy name)

A

longitudinal; runs parallel to organs, also called the muscularis externa

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25
Q

describe the inner layer of the muscularis (muscle orientation, fancy name)

A

circular; wraps around organs, also called muscularis interna

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26
Q

what is the function of the muscularis?

A

contraction; primarily for transport

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27
Q

what does contraction of the muscularis transport?

A

gametes; sperm in males, and ooctyes, embyros, fetus, and sperm in females!

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28
Q

describe the tissue and location of the submucosa

A

loose connective tissue located between muscularis and mucosa

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29
Q

what type of vasculature is located in the submucosa?

A

larger blood vessels

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30
Q

what 4 things does the submucosa contain?

A

lymphatics, nerves, larger blood vessels, and some glands (uterus)

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31
Q

describe the locations of the mucosa

A

lines cavities of the body that are extrenally exposed (mouth, vagina) and external organs

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32
Q

describe the function of mucosal membrane

A

maintain moisture

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33
Q

IF mucosa contains cilia, what are their function?

A

absorption or movement (transport)

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34
Q

name another component that the mucosa might have

A

secretory cells

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35
Q

list the 5 structures of the testis in the order that sperm follow through

A
  1. vas efferentia
  2. caput epididymis
  3. corpus epididymis
  4. cauda epididymis
  5. vas deferens
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36
Q

how long does it take for sperm to move through the epididymis?

A

about nine days

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37
Q

what is the function of the cauda epididymis ad how long do sperm stay there?

A

storage, up to 60 days

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38
Q

what structure of the testis is tied off in a vasectomy and why?

A

the vas deferens, sterilizes without modifying behavior; as in rams being used as testing animals to detect heat

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39
Q

how long would the epididymis be if you were to stretch it all out?

A

30-60 meters long, depending on the species

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40
Q

what type of muscle makes up the epididymis?

A

smooth muscle

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41
Q

describe the daily contractions of the epididymis

A

rhythmic contractions of the duct force sperm to the tail

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42
Q

what hormone regulates daily contractions of the epididymis?

A

Prostaglandin F2 alpha

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43
Q

when is the only time the cauda epididymis contractes and what regulates that contraction?

A

during sexual excitation, oxytocin stimulates contraction

44
Q

list the 5 functions of the epididymis

A
  1. sperm transport
  2. concentration
  3. secretion
  4. storage
  5. maturation
45
Q

what type of contractions aid in sperm transport and what hormone regulates those contractions?

A

peristaltic contractions, PGF2 alpha

46
Q

describe the concentration function of the epididymis

A

fluid absorption, derived from sertoli cells or rete tubules

47
Q

describe the secretion function of the epididymis

A

components secreted from various segments; proteins, nutrients, lipids

48
Q

describe the storage function of the epididymis

A

cauda is main storage area of epididymis; sperm viable up to 60 days here

49
Q

describe the maturation function of the cauda epididymis

A

sperm from testis are not competant for motility and fertility until they reach the cauda epididymis

50
Q

describe spermatozoal characteristics in the caput epididymis

A

not motile, not fertile, cytoplasmic droplet close to head of sperm, low disulfide crosslinking

51
Q

describe spermatozoal characteristics in the corpus epididymis

A

some expression of motility and fertility, cytoplasmic droplet dropping, moderate to high degree of disulfide crosslinking, can bind to oocytes here

52
Q

describe spermatozoal characteristics in the cauda epididymis

A

normal motility and fertile potential, distal cytoplasmic droplet, high degree of disulfide crosslinking, can bind to oocytes

53
Q

what are stereocilia? (give location and function too)

A

cilia that don’t beat, or have no movement, for fluid absorption sitting on the pseudostratified columnar epithelium in the epididymis

54
Q

how many layers of musculature does the vas deferens have? give the orientations too

A

3 total, 2 circular with one longitudinal in between

55
Q

what is the primary function of the vas deferens?

A

sperm transport

56
Q

describe vertical testicular orientation

A

cauda epididymis at the bottom, epididymis faces the rear of the animal

57
Q

what type of animal has vertical orientation? list 4 specific of this type

A

ruminants:

bulls, rams, goats, deer

58
Q

describe oblique/horizontal testicular orientation

A

epididymis on top

59
Q

list two animals with an oblique testicular orientation

A

dogs and boars

60
Q

give an animal with a horizontal testicular orientation

61
Q

what are the organs of the pelvic genitalia?

A

accessory sex glands

62
Q

what is the primary function of the accessory sex glands?

A

fluid portion of semen

63
Q

what are the muscles of the pelvic genitalia responsible for?

A

erection and ejaculation

64
Q

where are fractions of semen (as in the stallion and boar) produced?

A

in the accessory sex glands

65
Q

describe the seminal vesicles (how many, shape, and contribution to semen)

A

paired, lobed in most species, significant contributor of fluid volume to semen

66
Q

describe the pH of the fluid produced by the seminal vesicles and why that is important

A

slightly alkaline; neutralizes acidity in female repro tract for sperm survival

67
Q

what sperm energy substrate is produced by the seminal vesicles?

68
Q

list and describe the prostate gland shape(s)

A

body: circular thing

disseminate prostate: surrounds urethra, not distinctive

69
Q

describe the secretions of the prostate

A

varies by species!

70
Q

what is the only accessory sex gland that all animals have?

A

the prostate gland

71
Q

describe the role of the Bulbourethral gland

A

secretes muco-proteins that protect sperm from residual urine in urethra

72
Q

what is another name for the Bulbourethral gland?

A

Cowper’s gland

73
Q

what is the function of the Bulbourethral gland in in boards?

A

produces the gel fraction of sperm

74
Q

describe the shape of the ram prostate

A

no prostate body, just disseminate prostate

75
Q

discuss the accessory sex glands of the dog

A

no seminal vesicles, no disseminate prostate, no cowper’s gland, JUST THE PROSTATE

76
Q

discuss the accessory sex glands of the cat (tom)

A

no seminal vesicles or disseminate prostate

77
Q

list the 2 muscles in the bulb of the penis

A

ischiocavernosus muscle and bulbospongiosus muscle

78
Q

what does the ischiocavernosus muscle connect to

A

the pelvic bone

79
Q

what does the ischiocavernosus mucle contain and what is the function of that?

A

the crus penis; where blood vessels enter into erectile tissue of penis

80
Q

what is the function of the ischiocavernosus muscle

A

prevents blood from leaving erectile tissue during erection

81
Q

what is the function of the bulbospongiosus muscle

A

contracts to force sperm through urethra during ejaculation

82
Q

list the 2 types of penises

A

fibroelastic and muscular-vascular types

83
Q

describe the ram filiform appendage including function

A

extension of urethra, function unknown

84
Q

what is the function of the corkscrew filiform appendage of the boar?

A

locks into place with sow vagina to ensure delivery

85
Q

describe the funciton of the corpus spongiosum (CS)

hint: there are two related functions

A

during erection, prevents urethra from getting pinched closed; maintains the urethra as a channel for sperm removal

86
Q

describe the function of the corpus cavernosa (CC)

A

fills with blood to become enhgorged for erection

87
Q

what is the RPM?

A

the retractor penis muscle

88
Q

what is the function of the RPM during erection?

A

relaxes to allow sigmoid flexure to straighten during erection

89
Q

what is the function of the RPM after erection?

A

pulls penis back into sheath

90
Q

what is the function of the spines on the glans penis of the tom cat?

A

help stimulate neurons to produce ovulation in female

91
Q

give another name for the os penis

92
Q

what is the function of the os penis?

A

gives rigidity to support urethra

93
Q

describe and give the function of the bulbis glandis

A

vascular portion of dog penis; swells to hold penis in female during mating for copulatory lock

94
Q

what animal has an os penis?

95
Q

which animals have a fibroelastic type penis?

A

bull, ram, boar

96
Q

which animals have a muscular-vascular type penis?

A

stallion, dog, human

97
Q

which type of penis has a sigmoid flexure?

A

fibroelastic

98
Q

which type of penis does not have a sigmoid flexure?

A

muscular-vascular

99
Q

which type of penis has a large glans?

A

muscular-vascular

100
Q

what is the biggest difference of the rooster repro tract compared to other animals? what does this mean for sperm?

A

entire tract is in the body; sperm is viable at body temperature!

101
Q

is the rooster epididymis as advanced as other animals?

A

no, it is rudimentary

102
Q

where is sperm produced in roosters?

A

still in the testis

103
Q

where does sperm storage AND transportation take place in the rooster?

A

vas deferens

104
Q

what is the rudimentary copulatory organ used for in roosters?

A

NOT COPULATION; it was misnamed and is only used for sexing chickens

105
Q

what is the papilla on a rooster? where is it located?

A

the copulatory/mating organ; on the back wall of the cloaca

Repro (18 decks)

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