Male Repro Tract Anatomy Part 2 Flashcards
1
Q
list the 4 things that the interstitial space contains
A
- nerves
- lymphatics
- capillaries
- Leydig cells
2
Q
what do Leydig cells do?
A
produce testosterone
3
Q
describe tight junctions between cells
A
water tight seal between adjacent cells; prevents leaking
4
Q
what is the main function of tight junctions between cells?
A
to prevent components from extracellular matrix from moving beyond tight junction
5
Q
describe gap junctions between cells
A
channel between cells
6
Q
describe the main function of gap junctions between cells
A
allows transport of nutrients and signalling molecules between cells
7
Q
where are Leydig cells located and why?
A
close to blood vessels; to produce testosterone in response to LH
8
Q
what is the relationship between testis percentage of body weight and offspring number?
A
the smaller percentage of body weight the testis are, the fewer offspring per litter
9
Q
how are bull testes oriented?
A
vertical
10
Q
how are ram testis oriented?
A
vertical
11
Q
how are boar testes oriented?
A
oblique
12
Q
how are stallion testes oriented?
A
horizontal
13
Q
how are dog testes oriented?
A
oblique
14
Q
how are rabbit testes oriented?
A
vertical
15
Q
how are human testes oriented?
A
vertical
16
Q
which animal has the largest testes by weight in grams?
A
boar
17
Q
what are the secondary sex organs?
A
a series of tubes to convey the sperm cells to the outside (outside is a loose term)
18
Q
list the 4 tissue layers of the secondary sex organs from outermost to innermost
A
- serosa
- muscularis
- submucosa
- mucosa
19
Q
describe the epithelium of the serosa
A
membrane of simple squamous epithelium
20
Q
what can the serosa be compared to?
A
a sausage casing
21
Q
is the serosa made of only simple squamous epitheliun?
A
no there is a thin layer of underlying connective tissue too
22
Q
is the serosa thin or thick?
A
very thin, transparent
23
Q
describe the layers and location of the muscularis
A
layers of smooth muscle, between the serosa and the submucosa
24
Q
describe the outer layer of the muscularis (muscle orientation, fancy name)
A
longitudinal; runs parallel to organs, also called the muscularis externa
25
describe the inner layer of the muscularis (muscle orientation, fancy name)
circular; wraps around organs, also called muscularis interna
26
what is the function of the muscularis?
contraction; primarily for transport
27
what does contraction of the muscularis transport?
gametes; sperm in males, and ooctyes, embyros, fetus, and sperm in females!
28
describe the tissue and location of the submucosa
loose connective tissue located between muscularis and mucosa
29
what type of vasculature is located in the submucosa?
larger blood vessels
30
what 4 things does the submucosa contain?
lymphatics, nerves, larger blood vessels, and some glands (uterus)
31
describe the locations of the mucosa
lines cavities of the body that are extrenally exposed (mouth, vagina) and external organs
32
describe the function of mucosal membrane
maintain moisture
33
IF mucosa contains cilia, what are their function?
absorption or movement (transport)
34
name another component that the mucosa might have
secretory cells
35
list the 5 structures of the testis in the order that sperm follow through
1. vas efferentia
2. caput epididymis
3. corpus epididymis
4. cauda epididymis
5. vas deferens
36
how long does it take for sperm to move through the epididymis?
about nine days
37
what is the function of the cauda epididymis ad how long do sperm stay there?
storage, up to 60 days
38
what structure of the testis is tied off in a vasectomy and why?
the vas deferens, sterilizes without modifying behavior; as in rams being used as testing animals to detect heat
39
how long would the epididymis be if you were to stretch it all out?
30-60 meters long, depending on the species
40
what type of muscle makes up the epididymis?
smooth muscle
41
describe the daily contractions of the epididymis
rhythmic contractions of the duct force sperm to the tail
42
what hormone regulates daily contractions of the epididymis?
Prostaglandin F2 alpha
43
when is the only time the cauda epididymis contractes and what regulates that contraction?
during sexual excitation, oxytocin stimulates contraction
44
list the 5 functions of the epididymis
1. sperm transport
2. concentration
3. secretion
4. storage
5. maturation
45
what type of contractions aid in sperm transport and what hormone regulates those contractions?
peristaltic contractions, PGF2 alpha
46
describe the concentration function of the epididymis
fluid absorption, derived from sertoli cells or rete tubules
47
describe the secretion function of the epididymis
components secreted from various segments; proteins, nutrients, lipids
48
describe the storage function of the epididymis
cauda is main storage area of epididymis; sperm viable up to 60 days here
49
describe the maturation function of the cauda epididymis
sperm from testis are not competant for motility and fertility until they reach the cauda epididymis
50
describe spermatozoal characteristics in the caput epididymis
not motile, not fertile, cytoplasmic droplet close to head of sperm, low disulfide crosslinking
51
describe spermatozoal characteristics in the corpus epididymis
some expression of motility and fertility, cytoplasmic droplet dropping, moderate to high degree of disulfide crosslinking, can bind to oocytes here
52
describe spermatozoal characteristics in the cauda epididymis
normal motility and fertile potential, distal cytoplasmic droplet, high degree of disulfide crosslinking, can bind to oocytes
53
what are stereocilia? (give location and function too)
cilia that don't beat, or have no movement, for fluid absorption sitting on the pseudostratified columnar epithelium in the epididymis
54
how many layers of musculature does the vas deferens have? give the orientations too
3 total, 2 circular with one longitudinal in between
55
what is the primary function of the vas deferens?
sperm transport
56
describe vertical testicular orientation
cauda epididymis at the bottom, epididymis faces the rear of the animal
57
what type of animal has vertical orientation? list 4 specific of this type
ruminants:
| bulls, rams, goats, deer
58
describe oblique/horizontal testicular orientation
epididymis on top
59
list two animals with an oblique testicular orientation
dogs and boars
60
give an animal with a horizontal testicular orientation
stallions
61
what are the organs of the pelvic genitalia?
accessory sex glands
62
what is the primary function of the accessory sex glands?
fluid portion of semen
63
what are the muscles of the pelvic genitalia responsible for?
erection and ejaculation
64
where are fractions of semen (as in the stallion and boar) produced?
in the accessory sex glands
65
describe the seminal vesicles (how many, shape, and contribution to semen)
paired, lobed in most species, significant contributor of fluid volume to semen
66
describe the pH of the fluid produced by the seminal vesicles and why that is important
slightly alkaline; neutralizes acidity in female repro tract for sperm survival
67
what sperm energy substrate is produced by the seminal vesicles?
fructose
68
list and describe the prostate gland shape(s)
body: circular thing
| disseminate prostate: surrounds urethra, not distinctive
69
describe the secretions of the prostate
varies by species!
70
what is the only accessory sex gland that all animals have?
the prostate gland
71
describe the role of the Bulbourethral gland
secretes muco-proteins that protect sperm from residual urine in urethra
72
what is another name for the Bulbourethral gland?
Cowper's gland
73
what is the function of the Bulbourethral gland in in boards?
produces the gel fraction of sperm
74
describe the shape of the ram prostate
no prostate body, just disseminate prostate
75
discuss the accessory sex glands of the dog
no seminal vesicles, no disseminate prostate, no cowper's gland, JUST THE PROSTATE
76
discuss the accessory sex glands of the cat (tom)
no seminal vesicles or disseminate prostate
77
list the 2 muscles in the bulb of the penis
ischiocavernosus muscle and bulbospongiosus muscle
78
what does the ischiocavernosus muscle connect to
the pelvic bone
79
what does the ischiocavernosus mucle contain and what is the function of that?
the crus penis; where blood vessels enter into erectile tissue of penis
80
what is the function of the ischiocavernosus muscle
prevents blood from leaving erectile tissue during erection
81
what is the function of the bulbospongiosus muscle
contracts to force sperm through urethra during ejaculation
82
list the 2 types of penises
fibroelastic and muscular-vascular types
83
describe the ram filiform appendage including function
extension of urethra, function unknown
84
what is the function of the corkscrew filiform appendage of the boar?
locks into place with sow vagina to ensure delivery
85
describe the funciton of the corpus spongiosum (CS)
| hint: there are two related functions
during erection, prevents urethra from getting pinched closed; maintains the urethra as a channel for sperm removal
86
describe the function of the corpus cavernosa (CC)
fills with blood to become enhgorged for erection
87
what is the RPM?
the retractor penis muscle
88
what is the function of the RPM during erection?
relaxes to allow sigmoid flexure to straighten during erection
89
what is the function of the RPM after erection?
pulls penis back into sheath
90
what is the function of the spines on the glans penis of the tom cat?
help stimulate neurons to produce ovulation in female
91
give another name for the os penis
baculum
92
what is the function of the os penis?
gives rigidity to support urethra
93
describe and give the function of the bulbis glandis
vascular portion of dog penis; swells to hold penis in female during mating for copulatory lock
94
what animal has an os penis?
dog
95
which animals have a fibroelastic type penis?
bull, ram, boar
96
which animals have a muscular-vascular type penis?
stallion, dog, human
97
which type of penis has a sigmoid flexure?
fibroelastic
98
which type of penis does not have a sigmoid flexure?
muscular-vascular
99
which type of penis has a large glans?
muscular-vascular
100
what is the biggest difference of the rooster repro tract compared to other animals? what does this mean for sperm?
entire tract is in the body; sperm is viable at body temperature!
101
is the rooster epididymis as advanced as other animals?
no, it is rudimentary
102
where is sperm produced in roosters?
still in the testis
103
where does sperm storage AND transportation take place in the rooster?
vas deferens
104
what is the rudimentary copulatory organ used for in roosters?
NOT COPULATION; it was misnamed and is only used for sexing chickens
105
what is the papilla on a rooster? where is it located?
the copulatory/mating organ; on the back wall of the cloaca
