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Repro > Early Embryogenesis and Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy > Flashcards

Early Embryogenesis and Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

what has to happen to 1 parents’ copy of genes in parental imprinting and how is it determined?

A

have to inactivate 1 parents’ copy, based on function

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2
Q

what happens when you remove a female pronucleus and add a male pronucleus?

A

you get a stunted embryo, but a normal placenta

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3
Q

what happens when you remove a male pronucleus and add a female pronucleus?

A

you get a normal embryo but a stunted placenta

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4
Q

what happens when you swap pronuclei but keep one male and one female?

A

normal embryo and normal placenta

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5
Q

what is each cell in a 2-celled embryo and onward called?

A

a blastomere

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6
Q

what are the blastomeres in a 2-celled embryo defined as in terms of potential? what does this mean?

A

totipotent; have the potential to develop into any type of cell in the body; true embryonic stem cells

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7
Q

how many blastomeres are in a morula?

A

32-100

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8
Q

what is the thing called before syngamy?

A

ootid

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9
Q

what must a morula undergo in order to become a blastocyst?

A

blastulation

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10
Q

what is the inner cell mass in a blastocyst in terms of cell potential?

A

pluripotent: have potential to become several different types of cells, but not all cell types

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11
Q

what type of junctions does the inner cell mass have and why?

A

gap junctions to maintain communication between cells of the inner cell mass

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12
Q

what will the inner cell mass become?

A

the embryo proper, the fetus, and some placental tissue

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13
Q

describe the trophectoderm of a blastocyst, and give types of junctions and function

A

makes up lots of the placenta, has tight junctions which open to allow fluid inside the embryo

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14
Q

what is hatching?

A

when the embryo squeezes through the hole in the zona pellucida

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15
Q

what is the trophectoderm also called?

A

trophoblast

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16
Q

what is the fluid cavity of a blastocyst also called?

A

blastocoel

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17
Q

what is the inner cell mass also called?

A

embryoblast

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18
Q

list the 7 stages of a fertilized oocyte from earliest to latest

A
  1. ootid undergoes syngamy to become a
  2. zygote which has its first cell division and becomes a
  3. 2-celled embryo
  4. morula which undergoes blastulation to become a
  5. early blastocyst
  6. hatching blastocyst
  7. hatched blastocyst
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19
Q

at what stage(s) of development does the oocyte enter the uterus?

A

morula/early blastocyst stage

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20
Q

when does hatching occur in bovines?

A

9-11 days post fertilization

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21
Q

when does hatching occur in equines and ewes?

A

7-8 days post fertilization

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22
Q

when does hatching occur in porcines?

A

6 days post fertilization

23
Q

what occurs in equines before hatching? on what days?

A

capsul formation; 6-7 days post fertilization

24
Q

where does the capsul form in equines before hatching? what seems to be the function

A

between the embryo and the zona pellucida; seems to be important for maternal recognition

25
Q

what other species also forms a capsule before hatching?

A

rabbits

26
Q

list the 3 stages of conceptus growth in cows, pigs, and sheep

A
  1. spherical
  2. tubular
  3. filamentous
27
Q

what elongates in the conceptus as it grows in cows, pigs, and sheep?

A

trophoblast

28
Q

when the blastocyst/conceptus elongates in ruminants (bovine and ovine), where is it located?

A

embryo fixes on same side as ovulation, closest to the CL

29
Q

describe pig intrauterine/transuterine migration

A

embryos from the L and R horns become mixed and fixed all along the tract, multiple embryos from multiple ovulations

30
Q

is transuterine migration often seen in cows or ewes?

A

no, it is rare in these animals

31
Q

when does transuterine migration begin in mares?

A

day 10 post fertilization

32
Q

when does fixation occur in the mare?

A

day 15-16

33
Q

where does fixation occur in the mare?

A

can occur in either horn

34
Q

why does fixation occur on day 15-16 in the mare?

A

embryo gets too big to move around after that

35
Q

list the 2 very general, no species variation steps in maternal recognition of pregnancy

A
  1. conceptus will secrete either proteins or steroids

2. secretions cause a maternal response to ercognize pregnancy

36
Q

list the 3 steps of maternal recognition of pregnancy in bovines and ovines (ruminants)

A
  1. conceptus secretes interferons
  2. interferons inhibit oxytocin receptor synthesis
  3. this inhibits PGF2a synthesis
37
Q

what interferons are secreted by ruminant conceptus

A

Tau
oIFN-t (ovine interferon tau)
bIFN-t (bovine interferon tau)

38
Q

what is the mechanism of ruminant maternal recognition of pregnancy?

A

antiluteolytic

39
Q

what are the critical days for bovine maternal recognition of pregnancy?

A

days 16-17

40
Q

what are the critical days for ovine maternal recognition of pregnancy?

A

days 12-13

41
Q

list the 2 steps of porcine maternal recognition of pregnancy

A
  1. conceptus secretes estradiol

2. estradiol redirects PGF2a into the lumen, where it is degraded and never makes it to regress the CL

42
Q

what does procine maternal recognition of pregnancy require? what does this mean about transmigration of embryos?

A

2 embryos per horn; why transmigration of embryos is such a necessary process

43
Q

what is the mechanism of procine maternal recognition of pregnancy?

A

antiluteolytic

44
Q

what are the critical days for porcine maternal recognition of pregnancy?

A

days 11-12

45
Q

how is maternal recognition of pregnancy accomplished in the mare?

A

we don’t know exactly

46
Q

what is the mechanism of maternal recognition of pregnancy in a mare?

A

antiluteolytic

47
Q

what do we know about maternal recognition of pregnancy in a mare?

A

we know it has to do with transmigration of the embryo but aren’t sure specifically what about it

48
Q

what are the critical days for maternal recognition of pregnancy in a mare?

A

days 10-14

49
Q

list the 2 steps of maternal recognition of pregnancy in humans

A
  1. conceptus secretes hCG

2. hCG tells CL not to self-destruct

50
Q

what is the mechanism of maternal recognition of pregnancy in humans?

A

luteotrophic

51
Q

what are the critical days for maternal recognition of pregnancy in humans?

A

days 8-12

52
Q

does the CL of dogs and cats regress if the animal is not pregnant?

A

no, lack of an embryo causes no uterine effect

53
Q

what happens in dogs and cats even if the animal is not pregnant? how long does the CL last?

A

pseudopregnancy; CL will last similar length as in pregnancy

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