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Repro > Placentation > Flashcards

Placentation Flashcards

1
Q

what is gastrulation?

A

the process of a blastocyst turning into a 3-layered entity called a gastrula

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2
Q

what 3 layers are present in a gastrula?

A
  1. endoderm
  2. ectoderm
  3. mesoderm
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3
Q

what will the trophectoderm become after gastrulation?

A

the chorion of the placenta

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4
Q

what will the inner cell mass become after gastrulation?

A

the 3 germ layers of the gastrula

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5
Q

which of the 3 germ layers develops first after gastrulation?

A

endoderm

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6
Q

where does the endoderm develop?

A

around the inside of the blastocoele cavity

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7
Q

what forms after the endoderm develops around the inside of the blastocoele cavity?

A

the yolk sac

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8
Q

which germ layer develops after the endoderm and where?

A

the ectoderm, around the outside of the trophectoderm

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9
Q

where does the mesoderm develop?

A

between the yolk sac and trophectoderm

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10
Q

what 7 things will the ectoderm become in both males and females?

A
  1. CNS
  2. Sense organs
  3. mammary glands
  4. sweat glands
  5. skin
  6. hair
  7. hooves
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11
Q

what 2 things will the ectoderm become in females?

A
  1. posterior vagina

2. vulva

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12
Q

what 3 things will the ectoderm become in males?

A
  1. penis
  2. scrotum
  3. cowper’s gland
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13
Q

what 6 things will the mesoderm become in both males and females?

A
  1. circulatory system
  2. skeletal system
  3. muscular system
  4. reproductive tract parts
  5. kidneys
  6. urinary ducts
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14
Q

what will the mesoderm become in females?

A

everything internal to the anterior vagina

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15
Q

what will the mesoderm become in males?

A

prostate and everything before

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16
Q

what 7 things will the endoderm become in both males and females?

A
  1. digestive system
  2. liver
  3. lungs
  4. pancreas
  5. thyroid gland
  6. other glands: not all, but many of them
  7. primordial germ cells
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17
Q

list the 4 placental membranes

A
  1. yolk sac
  2. amnion
  3. allantois
  4. chorion
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18
Q

what is the role of the yolk sac in birds?

A

nourish the embryo

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19
Q

what is the role and fate of the yolk sac in mammals?

A

source of blood cells and PRIMORDIAL GERM CELLS, will atrophy

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20
Q

describe the amnion (3)

A

non-vascular, fluid-filled, smooth

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21
Q

what produces the fluid that fills the amnion?

A

the fetus

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22
Q

what is the role of the amnion?

A

protective cushion, for physical and mechanical protection (like a water balloon)

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23
Q

what happens to the amnion at birth?

A

it ruptures

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24
Q

is the amnion still full of fluid when it ruptures at birth?

A

no, it is almost out of fluid by parturition

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25
Q

which placental membrane has vasculature?

A

the allantois

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26
Q

where does the vasculature of the allantois come from?

A

the fetus

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27
Q

what happens to the allantois and what is the result?

A

fuses with the chorion to form the chorioallantois (or allantochorion), brings blood vessels to chorion

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28
Q

what is the chorion? (2)

A

the outermost placental membrane, the attachment to the mother

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29
Q

what takes place at the chorion?

A

exchange between mother and fetus

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30
Q

list the 4 categories of placenta when classifying based on shape or distribution of chorionic villi

A
  1. cotyledonary
  2. diffuse
  3. zonary
  4. discoid
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31
Q

list the 3 animals with a cotyledonary placental attachment

A
  1. cow
  2. sheep
  3. goat
    (ruminants)
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32
Q

list the 2 animals with a diffuse placental attachment

A
  1. pig

2. horse

33
Q

describe a diffuse placental attachment

A

like velcro, evenly distributed

34
Q

list the 2 animals with a zonary placental attachment

A
  1. dog

2. cat

35
Q

describe a zonary placental atatchment

A

like a belt

36
Q

what animal has a discoid placental attachment?

A

humans

37
Q

describe a discoid placental attachment

A

like a plunger

38
Q

what 2 types of cotyledonary attachments are there and which animal has which type?

A
  1. convex: cotyledon wraps around, bovines have

2. concave: cotyledon burrowed into middle, ovines have

39
Q

what makes a placentome?

A

cotyledon + caruncle

40
Q

what are BNGCs

A

binuclear giant cells

41
Q

what do BNGCs do?

A

migrate from the chorion to the endometrial epithelium in ruminants; invade endometrium

42
Q

what 2 hormones do BNGCs secrete?

A
  1. placental lactogen

2. pregnancy specific protein B

43
Q

how much of the placenta to BNGCs make up in volume/weight?

A

about 20% of fetal placenta

44
Q

what are placental lactogens (hormone type and prupose)

A

protein hormones that have prolactin-like activity to stimulate milk synthesis, and also growth-hormone like activity

45
Q

what animals do NOT have placental lactogens?

A

pigs and mares

46
Q

what is a possible second function of placental lactogens?

A

may regulate maternal metabolism to facilitate fetal growth

47
Q

when are there higher levels of placental lactogen and what does this cause?

A

higher levels in the last 1/3 of gestation, facilitates higher milk production

48
Q

why do dairy cows have higher blood concentrations of placental lactogens than beef cows?

A

they have been selected to produce more milk

49
Q

what is the role of microcotyledons in a diffuse placents?

A

increase placental surface area

50
Q

where do the endometrial cups in the mare develop from? (2)

A

both the trophoblast and the endometrium

51
Q

when do endometrial cups form in mares?

A

35 d of gestation, AFTER maternal recognition

52
Q

what do the endometrial cups in mares secrete?

A

eCG, also called PMSG

53
Q

what do the endometrial cups in mares do?

A

allows the mare to go from one CL to several accessory CLs to increase P4

54
Q

what happens to endometrial cups after 100-140 days?

A

they are sloughed off

55
Q

what happens to the endometrial cups if a mare loses her pregnancy before days 100-140?

A

the cups will stay until that time

56
Q

describe the vasculature of a zonary placenta

A

vasculature focused into chorionic band

57
Q

describe the attachment of a discoid placent

A

attachment in a big thick disk

58
Q

when classifying based on number of tissue layers, list the 3 types of placenta and the number of tissue layers each has

A
  1. epitheliochorial type (6)
  2. endothelialchorial type (4)
  3. hemochorial type (3)
59
Q

what animals have epitheliochorial type placentas?

A

most domestic species

60
Q

list the 6 tissue layers from maternal side to fetal side in an epitheliochorial type placenta

A
  1. endometrial capillary
  2. endometrial interstition
  3. endometrial epithelium
  4. chorial epithelium
  5. chorial interstition
  6. chorial capillary
61
Q

list the 4 tissue lasyers from maternal side to fetal side of endothelialchorial type

A
  1. endometrial epithelium
  2. chorial epithelium
  3. chrorial interstition
  4. chorial capillary
62
Q

what maternal layers does the hemochorial type placenta have?

A

NONE HA BITCH

63
Q

what 3 tissue layers does a hemochorial type placenta have?

A

fetl tissue layers only

  1. chorial epithelium
  2. chorial interstition
  3. chorial capillary
64
Q

does fetal and maternal blood mix during gestation?

A

NOOOOOOO NEVER

65
Q

when might mixing of fetal and maternal blood occur and what might it result in?

A

may occur at parturition and may result in antibodies against specific fetal blood type

66
Q

who is affected by the mixing of fetal and maternal blood at parturition?

A

future neonates or fetuses

67
Q

what is erythoroblastosis fetalis? how treat?

A

occurs in humans, when antibodies cross the placents, give Rh factor to treat

68
Q

what is neonatal isoerythrolysis?

A

occurs in cats and horses, carry antibodies in colostrum and are absorbed in the first 24 hours of neonate’s life

69
Q

what do you do with isoerythrolysis?

A

just don’t let baby nurse colostrum from mom, once produce milk baby can nurse

70
Q

why do you not have to treat isoerythrolysis to maintain pregnancy?

A

antibodies don’t cross placenta in nonhumans, so only colostrum is affected

71
Q

to what animals does implantation refer?

A

primates

72
Q

to what animals does attachment refer?

A

nonprimates

73
Q

list the 3 types of implantation/attachment

A
  1. superficial/centric
  2. eccentric
  3. interstitial
74
Q

describe superficial/centric attachment and in who it occurs?

A

chorion lies opposed to uterine wall; in farm animals

75
Q

describe eccentric attachment and in who it occurs?

A

chorionic sack in a uterine fold, in rodents

76
Q

describe interstitial implantation and in who it occurs?

A

embryo digests part of uterine wall, embryo burrows into uterus, in humans

77
Q

list the 2 degrees of tissue loss at parturition, and which occurs in what type of attachment/implantation

A
  1. deciduate: high degree of tissue loss, in eccentric and interstitial
  2. indeciduate or nondeciduate: low to no degree of tissue loss, in superficial/centric
78
Q

how long can primates bleed after parturition?

A

for 6-8 weeks

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