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Repro > Pregnancy and Fetal Development > Flashcards

Pregnancy and Fetal Development Flashcards

1
Q

list the 4 functions of the placenta

A
  1. exchange
  2. endocrine
  3. chemical protection
  4. physical protection
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2
Q

describe the exchange function of the placenta (3)

A
  1. gas exchange: O2/CO2
  2. nutrients from mom to fetus
  3. waste products from fetus to mom for disposal
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3
Q

describe the endocrine function of the placenta (6)

A
  1. transient: based on gestation stage
  2. estrogen
  3. progesterone
  4. hCG in primates
  5. eCG in mares
  6. placental lactogen
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4
Q

describe the chemical protection function of the placenta (3)

A
  1. IMMUNOSUPPRESSION: mom immune system not anywhere near baby, this function is not localized to placenta so mom easily sick
  2. prevents infiltration by maternal defenses
  3. filters toxins: if mom exposed, baby protected
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5
Q

what do most embryos look like at 20-30d of gestation?

A

all look very similar

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6
Q

when are embryos referred to as fetuses?

A

when they become identifiable as their species

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7
Q

when do critical organ systems develop, relatively? give an example

A

early, like the heart

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8
Q

describe the growth in length of a fetus

A

linear

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9
Q

describe the growth in weight of a fetus and why

A

exponential, don’t want baby too heavy too soon= ouch for mom

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10
Q

give 3 estimate of fetal age

A
  1. crown to rump length
  2. length of femur, radius, or tibia
  3. circumference of head
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11
Q

what 3 main factors influence fetal growth?

A
  1. genetics
  2. environment
  3. fetal hormones
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12
Q

give the 4 aspects of genetics influencing fetal growth

A
  1. species
  2. breed
  3. litter size
  4. genotype: certain lines of animals may grow faster
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13
Q

give the 2 aspects of environment influencing fetal growth

A
  1. maternal: nutrition, size, parity

2. placenta: blood flow, size

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14
Q

describe how materal nutrition affects fetal growth

A

too much or too little of mom’s nutrition can cause growth restriction

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15
Q

describe maternal size affecting fetal growth

A

species dependent, not important for horses, but very important in cattle because of dystocia

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16
Q

describe maternal parity affecting fetal growth

A

number of previous offspring, first time mom makes smaller babies usually

17
Q

give the 3 aspects of fetal hormones influencing fetal growth

A
  1. thyroid
  2. insulin
  3. growth hormone
18
Q

describe thyroid hormone affecting fetal growth (2)

A
  1. skeletal and muscular development

2. metabolism

19
Q

describe how insulin hormone affects fetal growth (2)

A
  1. increased energy substrate availability

2. stimulates placental growth

20
Q

describe how growth hormone affects fetal growth

A

stimulates fetal growth

21
Q

in what 3 ways does uterine size change during pregnancy and where do these changes take place?

A
  1. hyperplasia in endometrium: increase in number of cells
  2. hypertrophy in endometrium: increase in size of cells
  3. stretching in myometrium
22
Q

how much does the myometrium stretch during pregnancy?

A

stretches so much it’s almost transparent, can see fetus on inside

23
Q

why are there so mnay shunts in fetal circulation?

A

because the placenta accomplishes so much of the circulation between the umbilical arteries

24
Q

list the 3 shunts that exist in fetal circulation

A
  1. ductus venosus
  2. foramen ovale
  3. ductus arteriosis
25
Q

what does the ductus venosus bypass?

A

the liver

26
Q

what does the foramen ovale do with fetal circulation?

A

shunts blood from right atrium to left atrium

27
Q

what does the ductus arteriosis do for fetal circulation?

A

shunts blood directly to the aorta

28
Q

what do the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosis do? why?

A

bypass the lungs, because the placenta already takes care of gas exchange

29
Q

what happens to the ductus arteriosis as it closes up?

A

becomes a ligament in the heart

30
Q

describe relative levels of P4 in ewes later in pregnancy

A

higher and increasing

31
Q

describe relative levels of P4 in cows during pregnancy

A

higher in first trimester

32
Q

describe relative levels of E2 in both ewes and cows during pregnancy

A

increases towards the end

33
Q

describe relative levels of P4 in mares during pregnancy

A

P4 high at first, then drops, then increases again from endometrial cups, and then decreases towards the end

34
Q

describe E2 levels in a mare during pregnancy

A

mares need higher levels of E2 in the second half of pregnancy

35
Q

in terms of placental lactogen profile, which animals somatropic (GH) activity equal to lactogenic (prolactin) activity?

A

cows and goats

36
Q

in terms of placental lactogen profile, which animals have lactogenic activity higher than somatotropic activity?

A

ewes, rats, WOMEN

37
Q

what does progesterone do?

A

maintains pregnancy

38
Q

what are the 2 sources of progesterone?

A
  1. corpus luteum

2. placenta

39
Q

name the 7 species in which the placenta does NOT take over progesterone production

A
  1. bitch
  2. queen
  3. alpaca
  4. llama
  5. camel
  6. rabbit
  7. goat

Repro (18 decks)

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