speech science Flashcards
define phonemic
related to abstract system of sounds
define phonetic
concrete production of sounds. Physical, physiological and acoustic
broad transcription uses what mark
slash / /
phonetic transcription uses what mark
bracket [ ]
what is narrow transcription
transcription in more detail using diacritical markers
what is the onset of a syllable
initial consonants
what is the nucleus of a syllable
vowel
what is the coda of a syllable
consonant at the end
what is the rime
nucleus and coda
which are the syballic consonants
/m/, /n/, and /l/
which phonemes are velars
/g/, /k/, and ng
which phonemes are palatals
/j/, /r/, affricates, sh and /d3/
what are cognate pairs
identical in all except voicing
are nasals low frequency or high
low
what are glides
semivowels or sonorants
produced by quick transition of articulators as they move from partially constricted state to open
what are liquids
/r/ and /l/
produced with the least oral cavity restriction
what is a lateral
/l/
midsection portion of tongue is relaxed and open, air directed through the sides
what is the difference between tense and lax vowels
tense are longer with increased tension
what are phonemic dipthongs
/aI/ my; /au/ cow; /oI/ boy; cannot be reduced to pure vowels without changing word meaning
what is assimilation
when a sound changes to a different sound
what are suprasegmentals
length, stress, rate, pitch, volume, and juncture
what is juncture
vocal punctuation. Difference between I scream and ice cream
what is a sine wave
wave with horizontal and vertical symmetry
what are aperiodic waves
waves with random vibratory pattern. perceived as noise
what is formant frequency
frequency region with concentrated acoustic energy. the center frequency of a formant which is a resonance
what is an octave
doubling of a frequency interval 200 Hz one octave above 100 Hz
what are the 2 main properties of a medium that affect transmission of sound
mass and elasticity
what is a pure tone
tone with a single frequency
what is frequency
number of cycles per second
what is a cycle
compression and rarefaction
what does the medium that transmits the sound affect
affects speed of sound not frequency.
which propagates sound faster
elasticity and less dense
what is amplitude
amount of molecular displacement which creates intensity of sound
what is the frequency range of sounds perceptible to human ear
20 to 20000 Hz
what is the sound pressure level
intensity of a sound
what is the hearing level
minimum level of intensity to stimulate auditory system
what is the level of frequencies that stimulate the auditory system at lower intensities
1000-4000 Hz
what is the minimum level of intensity to stimulate auditory system
0 dB hearing level
what is the intensity of normal conversation
50-70 dB SPL. Very intense is 100 which creates pain
what is a spectograph
instrument that records the changing intensity levels of frequency components in a complex sound wave
what does a spectogram display
time, intensity and frequency. Time on horizontal, frequency on vertical, and intensity by blackness
what is the fundamental frequency
- lowest frequency of a periodic wave
- tone produced by vibration of folds before air reaches any cavities
- the first harmonic
which has a higher fundamental frequency, high or low vowels
high
F1 and F2 vary by
F1: tongue height
F2: tongue advancement
