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Praxis > language development > Flashcards

language development Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a morpheme

A

smallest meaningful unit of a language

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2
Q

what is a base, root, or free morpheme

A

words with meaning that cannot be broken down into smaller parts

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3
Q

what are bound morphemes

A

cannot convey meaning by themselves

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4
Q

what are derivational morphemes

A

prefixes and suffixes that change the whole class of the word ex. Happy + ily change word from adjective to adverb

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5
Q

what are inflectional morphems

A

suffixes only that change the state or increase such as plurals

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6
Q

what are passive sentences

A

where subject receives the action ex the cat was petted

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7
Q

what are active sentences

A

where subject performs the action ex. He patted the cat

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8
Q

what is a clause

A

a subject and a predicate which contains a verb that states something about the subject

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9
Q

what is a compound sentence

A

2 or more independent clauses joined by a comma and conjunction or by a semicolon

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10
Q

what is an independent or main clause

A

has a subject and predicate and can stand alone

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11
Q

what is a complex sentence

A

contains an independent clause or a dependent

ex. I will drive my car to Reno (Ind) if I have enough gas (dep)

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12
Q

what is fast mapping

A

ability to learn a new word after a few exposures

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13
Q

what is the age range for variegated babbling

A

9 months

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14
Q

when does object permanence emerge

A

7-9 months

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15
Q

what is canonical babbling

A

repeated syllables of consonant and vowels ma ma ma

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16
Q

what is perlocutionary behavior

A

the signals have an unintended effect on the listener. They lack intent

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17
Q

what is illocutionary behavior

A

signals that carry out some action such as pointing and laughing

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18
Q

what is locutionary stage

A

start of word use

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19
Q

what is the holophrastic stage

A

when child uses one word phrase to prepresent a complex idea. Between 12-18 months

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20
Q

how many words by 18 months

A

50

they begin to put 2 words together

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21
Q

how many words by2

A

200-300

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22
Q

how many words by 2.5

A

2.400

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23
Q

how may words by 3

A

3600

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24
Q

what morphemes are mastered between 19 to 33 months

A
  1. present progressive ing
  2. preposition in and on
  3. regular plural
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25
Q

what morphemes are mastered between 25-46 months

A
  1. irregular past tense
  2. possessive s daddy’s
  3. uncontractible copula Here it is
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26
Q

what morphemes are mastered between 28-46 months

A
  1. articles a and the
  2. regular past tense
  3. regular third person s Daddy cooks
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27
Q

what morphemes are mastered between 28-50 months

A
  1. irregular third person does has
  2. uncontractible auxiliary she was working
  3. contractible copula he’s nice
  4. contractile auxiliary Mom’s coming
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28
Q

when does a child use complex sentences

A

3-4

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29
Q

what plays an important role in language to a behavioral theroist

A

environment and social interactions

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30
Q

what treatment would a behavioral theorist use

A

modeling correct response and reinforcing correct production

31
Q

who was a behaviorist

A

Skinner

32
Q

what is the nativist theory

A
  1. universal rules of grammar that apply to all languages
  2. children born with a language acquisition device
  3. knowledge to acquire language is present at birth
  4. transformational generative theory of grmmar
  5. therapy heavily on syntax
33
Q

who was a nativist

A

Noam Chomsky

34
Q

what is the cognitive theory

A
  1. child must first acquire concpts before producing words
  2. cognitive abilities essential prerequisites to language skill
  3. children pass through each stage in order but at different rates
  4. language is not innate or learned but emerges as a result of cognitive growth
35
Q

who was a cognitive theorist

A

Piaget

36
Q

what are piagts stages

A
  1. sensorimotor 0-2 years. object permanence
  2. preoperational: 2-7;
  3. concrete operations: 7-11
  4. formal operations: 11+
37
Q

what happens during the preoperational stage

A
  1. preconceptual 2-4: child is egocentric, over and under extends word meanings
  2. intuitive 4-7: perception guide thoughts
38
Q

what happens during concrete operations

A
  1. child less egocentric
  2. acquires conversation skills
  3. logical causality
  4. effective classification
39
Q

what happens during formal operations

A
  1. think and speak in abstract
  2. use inductive and deductive thought process
  3. make if then statements
  4. use hypothetical reasoning
40
Q

what characterizes an auditory processing disorder

A

difficulty remembering long and complex directions

  1. repeating sentences verbatim
  2. repeating nonsense words
41
Q

what is the social interactionism theory

A

language arises from social communication function

42
Q

who was a social interactism theorist

A

Vygotsky

43
Q

at what age do babies begin to understand 1 or 2 words

A

7 months

44
Q

what are the 5 learning processes

A
  1. organization
  2. adaptation
  3. assimilation
  4. accommodation
  5. equilibrium
45
Q

what is adaptation

A
  1. adjusting to change

2. consists of assimilation and accommodation

46
Q

what is assimilation

A

existing schemes incorporate external stimuli

47
Q

what is accommodation

A

the scheme must be modified to conform to incoming info

48
Q

what is equilibrium

A

state of cognitive balance between incoming stimuli and child’s cognitive structures

49
Q

what are the phases of joint reference

A

phase I: mastery of joint attention (0-6 months)
phase II: beginning of intentional communication (6-8 mo)
infant looks at mother while reaching. Mother changes from discussing feelings to discussing actions
phase III: (8-12 mo) Infant points and vocalizes, mother comments
phase IV: (12+) child masters naming, begins to drop gestures; locutionary stage

50
Q

what is a phonological loop

A

part of working memory that deals spoken and written material

51
Q

what are phonotactic regularities

A

help mark word boundaries

52
Q

what are phonotactic probabilities

A

likelihood that certain sounds, sound sequences,and syllables will occur

53
Q

what is the function of the supramarginal gyrus

A

phonological and articulatory processing

54
Q

what is the function of the angular gyrus

A

semantic processing

55
Q

what are the 4 steps of information processing

A
  1. attention: awareness
  2. discrimination: identify differences, use working, phonological and semantic memory
  3. organization: organized for later retrieval, chunking, categorizing
  4. memory: info is coded, organized, stored
  5. transfer: applied to new situation
56
Q

when does a newborn lose the ability to detect phoneme contrasts in all languages

A

10 months

57
Q

what are phonetically consistent forms

A

speech sounds that function as words

58
Q

what is the sequence of wh question development

A 
what
where
who
when
why
59
Q

what is semantic bootstrapping

A

analyze syntax based on previously learned semantic structures

60
Q

what is syntactic bootstrapping

A

syntactic structures can be used to deduce word meaning

61
Q

what are 3 common types of prompts for a child’s language development

A
  1. fill-ins: “this is a …”
  2. elicited imitations
  3. questions: do you want the green ball or the blue ball
62
Q

what is an extension

A

semantically related comment or reply on a topic established by the child

63
Q

what is the sequence of developing words that express temporal relations

A
  1. words of order: after, before
  2. words of duration: since, until
  3. words of simultaneity: while
64
Q

what are deictic terms

A

used to direct attention, make spatial contrasts, denote times or participants in a conversation from the speaker’s point of view

  1. first use that and there to direct attention
  2. later use this, here
65
Q

what are the types of narratives

A
  1. scripts: used to express knowledge of a familiar event
  2. recounts: telling about a personal experience when prompted
  3. accounts: telling about a personal experientce without prompt
  4. event casts: explaining an ongoing activity
  5. fictional story
66
Q

what is a typical narrative for a 2 y/o

A

scripts for familiar events and sequences

67
Q

what is a protonarritive

A

talks about things that have happened to them

68
Q

what is centering

A

linking to form a story nucleus

69
Q

what is chaining

A

sequence of events that share attributes and lead from one to another

  1. temporal chains appear at 3
  2. causal chains appear by 5
70
Q

what is the sequence of narrative development

A
  1. heaps (centering) 2 yrs: child relates a collection of unrelated ideas without cohesive devices.
  2. sequences (centering) 2-3 yrs: child begins to arbitrarily link story elements together. The organization is additive not temporal
  3. primitive temporal narratives (3-4): contains a central character, topic, or setting without cause and effect. Includes sound, movement, performance
  4. unfocused chain (4-5) first level of chaining: events linked logically with a cause-effect. Conjunctions may be used
  5. focused temporal or causal chains 5 yrs: central character and logical sequence of events
71
Q

when do the first prepositions appear

A

in and on appear around 2 years

under by 3

72
Q

what is the order of acquisition of Brown’s morphemes

A
  1. present progresive ing: 19-28 months 1;7 to 2;4
  2. In: 27-30 months 2;3 to 2;6
  3. On: 27-30 months
  4. regular plural s: 24-33 months 2;0-2;9
  5. irregular past tense: 25-46 months: 2;1-3;10
  6. ’s possessive: 26-40 months; 2;2 - 3:4
  7. uncontractable copula: 27-39 months: 2;3 - 3;3
  8. articles a and the: 28-46 months: 2;4 - 3;10
  9. regular past tense: 26-48 months: 2;2 - 4;0
  10. s regular 3rd person verb: he eats: 26-48 months
  11. has, does: irregular 3rd person verb: 28-50 monts
  12. uncontractible auxiliary: 29-48 months
    13: contrctible copula: 29-49 monts
  13. contractible auxiliary: 30-50 months
73
Q

how many words does an 18 month old have

A

50

Praxis (20 decks)

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