language development Flashcards
what is a morpheme
smallest meaningful unit of a language
what is a base, root, or free morpheme
words with meaning that cannot be broken down into smaller parts
what are bound morphemes
cannot convey meaning by themselves
what are derivational morphemes
prefixes and suffixes that change the whole class of the word ex. Happy + ily change word from adjective to adverb
what are inflectional morphems
suffixes only that change the state or increase such as plurals
what are passive sentences
where subject receives the action ex the cat was petted
what are active sentences
where subject performs the action ex. He patted the cat
what is a clause
a subject and a predicate which contains a verb that states something about the subject
what is a compound sentence
2 or more independent clauses joined by a comma and conjunction or by a semicolon
what is an independent or main clause
has a subject and predicate and can stand alone
what is a complex sentence
contains an independent clause or a dependent
ex. I will drive my car to Reno (Ind) if I have enough gas (dep)
what is fast mapping
ability to learn a new word after a few exposures
what is the age range for variegated babbling
9 months
when does object permanence emerge
7-9 months
what is canonical babbling
repeated syllables of consonant and vowels ma ma ma
what is perlocutionary behavior
the signals have an unintended effect on the listener. They lack intent
what is illocutionary behavior
signals that carry out some action such as pointing and laughing
what is locutionary stage
start of word use
what is the holophrastic stage
when child uses one word phrase to prepresent a complex idea. Between 12-18 months
how many words by 18 months
50
they begin to put 2 words together
how many words by2
200-300
how many words by 2.5
2.400
how may words by 3
3600
what morphemes are mastered between 19 to 33 months
- present progressive ing
- preposition in and on
- regular plural
what morphemes are mastered between 25-46 months
- irregular past tense
- possessive s daddy’s
- uncontractible copula Here it is
what morphemes are mastered between 28-46 months
- articles a and the
- regular past tense
- regular third person s Daddy cooks
what morphemes are mastered between 28-50 months
- irregular third person does has
- uncontractible auxiliary she was working
- contractible copula he’s nice
- contractile auxiliary Mom’s coming
when does a child use complex sentences
3-4
what plays an important role in language to a behavioral theroist
environment and social interactions
what treatment would a behavioral theorist use
modeling correct response and reinforcing correct production
who was a behaviorist
Skinner
what is the nativist theory
- universal rules of grammar that apply to all languages
- children born with a language acquisition device
- knowledge to acquire language is present at birth
- transformational generative theory of grmmar
- therapy heavily on syntax
who was a nativist
Noam Chomsky
what is the cognitive theory
- child must first acquire concpts before producing words
- cognitive abilities essential prerequisites to language skill
- children pass through each stage in order but at different rates
- language is not innate or learned but emerges as a result of cognitive growth
who was a cognitive theorist
Piaget
what are piagts stages
- sensorimotor 0-2 years. object permanence
- preoperational: 2-7;
- concrete operations: 7-11
- formal operations: 11+
what happens during the preoperational stage
- preconceptual 2-4: child is egocentric, over and under extends word meanings
- intuitive 4-7: perception guide thoughts
what happens during concrete operations
- child less egocentric
- acquires conversation skills
- logical causality
- effective classification
what happens during formal operations
- think and speak in abstract
- use inductive and deductive thought process
- make if then statements
- use hypothetical reasoning
what characterizes an auditory processing disorder
difficulty remembering long and complex directions
- repeating sentences verbatim
- repeating nonsense words
what is the social interactionism theory
language arises from social communication function
who was a social interactism theorist
Vygotsky
at what age do babies begin to understand 1 or 2 words
7 months
what are the 5 learning processes
- organization
- adaptation
- assimilation
- accommodation
- equilibrium
what is adaptation
- adjusting to change
2. consists of assimilation and accommodation
what is assimilation
existing schemes incorporate external stimuli
what is accommodation
the scheme must be modified to conform to incoming info
what is equilibrium
state of cognitive balance between incoming stimuli and child’s cognitive structures
what are the phases of joint reference
phase I: mastery of joint attention (0-6 months)
phase II: beginning of intentional communication (6-8 mo)
infant looks at mother while reaching. Mother changes from discussing feelings to discussing actions
phase III: (8-12 mo) Infant points and vocalizes, mother comments
phase IV: (12+) child masters naming, begins to drop gestures; locutionary stage
what is a phonological loop
part of working memory that deals spoken and written material
what are phonotactic regularities
help mark word boundaries
what are phonotactic probabilities
likelihood that certain sounds, sound sequences,and syllables will occur
what is the function of the supramarginal gyrus
phonological and articulatory processing
what is the function of the angular gyrus
semantic processing
what are the 4 steps of information processing
- attention: awareness
- discrimination: identify differences, use working, phonological and semantic memory
- organization: organized for later retrieval, chunking, categorizing
- memory: info is coded, organized, stored
- transfer: applied to new situation
when does a newborn lose the ability to detect phoneme contrasts in all languages
10 months
what are phonetically consistent forms
speech sounds that function as words
what is the sequence of wh question development
what where who when why
what is semantic bootstrapping
analyze syntax based on previously learned semantic structures
what is syntactic bootstrapping
syntactic structures can be used to deduce word meaning
what are 3 common types of prompts for a child’s language development
- fill-ins: “this is a …”
- elicited imitations
- questions: do you want the green ball or the blue ball
what is an extension
semantically related comment or reply on a topic established by the child
what is the sequence of developing words that express temporal relations
- words of order: after, before
- words of duration: since, until
- words of simultaneity: while
what are deictic terms
used to direct attention, make spatial contrasts, denote times or participants in a conversation from the speaker’s point of view
- first use that and there to direct attention
- later use this, here
what are the types of narratives
- scripts: used to express knowledge of a familiar event
- recounts: telling about a personal experience when prompted
- accounts: telling about a personal experientce without prompt
- event casts: explaining an ongoing activity
- fictional story
what is a typical narrative for a 2 y/o
scripts for familiar events and sequences
what is a protonarritive
talks about things that have happened to them
what is centering
linking to form a story nucleus
what is chaining
sequence of events that share attributes and lead from one to another
- temporal chains appear at 3
- causal chains appear by 5
what is the sequence of narrative development
- heaps (centering) 2 yrs: child relates a collection of unrelated ideas without cohesive devices.
- sequences (centering) 2-3 yrs: child begins to arbitrarily link story elements together. The organization is additive not temporal
- primitive temporal narratives (3-4): contains a central character, topic, or setting without cause and effect. Includes sound, movement, performance
- unfocused chain (4-5) first level of chaining: events linked logically with a cause-effect. Conjunctions may be used
- focused temporal or causal chains 5 yrs: central character and logical sequence of events
when do the first prepositions appear
in and on appear around 2 years
under by 3
what is the order of acquisition of Brown’s morphemes
- present progresive ing: 19-28 months 1;7 to 2;4
- In: 27-30 months 2;3 to 2;6
- On: 27-30 months
- regular plural s: 24-33 months 2;0-2;9
- irregular past tense: 25-46 months: 2;1-3;10
- ’s possessive: 26-40 months; 2;2 - 3:4
- uncontractable copula: 27-39 months: 2;3 - 3;3
- articles a and the: 28-46 months: 2;4 - 3;10
- regular past tense: 26-48 months: 2;2 - 4;0
- s regular 3rd person verb: he eats: 26-48 months
- has, does: irregular 3rd person verb: 28-50 monts
- uncontractible auxiliary: 29-48 months
13: contrctible copula: 29-49 monts - contractible auxiliary: 30-50 months
how many words does an 18 month old have
50
