anatomy and physiology

Question 1

what is the ratio of inhalation to exhalation in speech breathing

Answer 1

10% inhale, 90% exhale

Question 2

how many rings of cartilage are in the trachea

Answer 2

20

Question 3

how many of each type of vertebrae

Answer 3

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
3-4 coccygeal

Question 4

what do the external intercostal muscles do

Answer 4

raise the ribs up for inhalation

Question 5

what do the internal intercostal muscles do

Answer 5

pull the ribs down to decrease the thoracic cavity for exhalation

Question 6

what are the key cartilages of the larynx

Answer 6

thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid

Question 7

what are the intrinsic laryngeal muscles

Answer 7

thyroarytenoid
lateral cricoarytenoid
transverse arytenoid
oblique arytenoid
cricothyroid

Question 8

which are the adductors

Answer 8

lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse and oblique arytenoid

Question 9

which muscle is the abductor

Answer 9

posterior cricoarytenoid

Question 10

what are the extrinsic laryngeal muscles

Answer 10

elevators and depressors which support the larynx and fix its position
elevators attach above the hyoid
depressors attach below the hyoid

Question 11

which muscles are elevators

Answer 11

digastric
mylohyoid
geniohyoid
stylohyoid

Question 12

which muscles are depressors

Answer 12

thyrohyoid
omohyoid
sternohyoid
sternothyroid

Question 13

what are the layers of the vocal folds

Answer 13

1. epithelium
2. lamina propria (superficial, intermediate, and deep)
3. vocalis muscle

Question 14

what is the myoelastic-aerodynamic theory

Answer 14

vocal folds vibrate because of air pressure and elasticity

2. air temporarily stopped by closed folds and builds up subglottal air pressure
3. folds blown apart by pressure and set into vibration
4. due to the bernoulli effect, the folds are sucked back together

Question 15

what is the mucosal wave action

Answer 15

1. the cover (epithelium and superficial lamina propri or Reineke’s space) and the transition (intermediate and deep layers of lamina propria) produce a wave

Question 16

what are the primary cortical areas for speech

Answer 16

Area 4 primary motor cortex
Area 44 Broca’s
Areas 3,1,2 somatosensory
Area 6 supplementary motor cortex

Question 17

what does the superior laryngeal nerve innervate

Answer 17

internal branch: all sensoryinfo from larynx

external branch: cricothyroid muscle (pitch)

Question 18

what does the recurrent laryngeal nerve innervate

Answer 18

all the rest of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles

Question 19

what is resonation

Answer 19

modification of laryngeal tone by dampening specific frequencies

Question 20

what is the resonant frequency

Answer 20

frequency at which a cavity best vibrates and is dependent on the size and shape

Question 21

what is the source-filter theory

Answer 21

energy from the vocal folds (source) is modified by resonance characteristics of the vocal tract (filter)