anatomy and physiology Flashcards
what is the ratio of inhalation to exhalation in speech breathing
10% inhale, 90% exhale
how many rings of cartilage are in the trachea
20
how many of each type of vertebrae
7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 3-4 coccygeal
what do the external intercostal muscles do
raise the ribs up for inhalation
what do the internal intercostal muscles do
pull the ribs down to decrease the thoracic cavity for exhalation
what are the key cartilages of the larynx
thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid
what are the intrinsic laryngeal muscles
thyroarytenoid lateral cricoarytenoid transverse arytenoid oblique arytenoid cricothyroid
which are the adductors
lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse and oblique arytenoid
which muscle is the abductor
posterior cricoarytenoid
what are the extrinsic laryngeal muscles
elevators and depressors which support the larynx and fix its position
elevators attach above the hyoid
depressors attach below the hyoid
which muscles are elevators
digastric
mylohyoid
geniohyoid
stylohyoid
which muscles are depressors
thyrohyoid
omohyoid
sternohyoid
sternothyroid
what are the layers of the vocal folds
- epithelium
- lamina propria (superficial, intermediate, and deep)
- vocalis muscle
what is the myoelastic-aerodynamic theory
vocal folds vibrate because of air pressure and elasticity
- air temporarily stopped by closed folds and builds up subglottal air pressure
- folds blown apart by pressure and set into vibration
- due to the bernoulli effect, the folds are sucked back together
what is the mucosal wave action
- the cover (epithelium and superficial lamina propri or Reineke’s space) and the transition (intermediate and deep layers of lamina propria) produce a wave
what are the primary cortical areas for speech
Area 4 primary motor cortex
Area 44 Broca’s
Areas 3,1,2 somatosensory
Area 6 supplementary motor cortex
what does the superior laryngeal nerve innervate
internal branch: all sensoryinfo from larynx
external branch: cricothyroid muscle (pitch)
what does the recurrent laryngeal nerve innervate
all the rest of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles
what is resonation
modification of laryngeal tone by dampening specific frequencies
what is the resonant frequency
frequency at which a cavity best vibrates and is dependent on the size and shape
what is the source-filter theory
energy from the vocal folds (source) is modified by resonance characteristics of the vocal tract (filter)