Speech Production/Disorders Flashcards
Classifications of Speech Sounds
-Manner
-Place
-Voicing
Manner
How completely the air is blocked
Place
Where the closure occurred
Voicing
Whether or not the vocal folds are vibrating
Gestures
-Argued to be minimal unit
-Often a difference in timing and/or coordination
Gestural Scores
-Shows when things are happening (e.g. difference in timing of articulators)
Production Errors
-Gestures can explain errors that phonemes can’t
-Can show which neural pathways are responsible for particular error patterns
Hypoxia
-Reduced oxygen to brain (less than you need)
-Causes cognitive impairments like the inability to change course of action
-Affects speech production with timing of articulators
-Disrupted voice onset time (distinctions no longer made between ‘ba’ and ‘pa’)
Voice onset time
-The difference between when a closure is released and when voicing starts
-When you open your lips and when vocal folds start vibrating
Perception Affects Production
-If you start to lose your hearing, your speech production also degrades (shout or be really quiet)
-Brief changes in what you hear alter what you produce
–If you hear your pitch go up, you will shift your pitch down
-You constantly adjust to make the sound you want to produce
Broca’s Aphasia
-In Broca’s area, controls language production in left hemisphere
-Broadmanns area 44,45
-Results in non-fluent and ungrammatical production
-Patients are generally visibly frustrated, they know they have an issue
-Includes difficulties with understanding and producing ungrammatical structures (not a motor issue)
-Problem accessing words
Upper Motor Neurons (UMN)
Tracts between motor cortex and brainstem/spinal cord
Lower Motor Neurons (LMN)
Tracts originating in the brainstem/spinal cord (like cranial nerves)
Upper Motor Neuron Damage
Increased reflexes and spastic tone
Lower Motor Neuron Damage
-Reduced reflexes
-Weakness
-Attenuated Muscle Tone
-Atrophy (muscles start to die away)
Upper Motor Neuron Disorders
Apraxias
-Difficulty with planning motor activity
Dysarthrias
-Difficulty with executing and/or controlling motor activity
Apraxia
-Generally affects articulation and/or prosody
-Imprecise or distorted articulation
-Substitutions, omissions, or additions of sounds
-False starts
-Slow speech rates
-Disrupted prosody
-Damage in left hemisphere in Broca’s area and pre-motor cortex
Apraxia vs. Aphasia
-Broca’s Aphasia= difficulty finding words and with certain grammatical structures. Have well-produced words
-Apraxia= difficulty producing words including inconsistent errors despite intact muscles. Words often not well-produced
Hyperkinetic Dysarthria
-Involuntary movements are added to normal speech production
-Comes in many subtypes
-Why? Different fibers connect to different cranial nerves, could affect one articulator or another, not unitary
-Slow, jerky movements
-Forceful contraction of the jaw or tongue
-Difficulty opening/closing the mouth
-Characterized by many different added movements depending on type
-Damage to basal ganglia
–More dopamine in system:
—Excite excitatory pathway
—Inhibit inhibitory pathway
Hypokinetic Dysarthria
-Resting tremors
-Hoarse and/or quiet voice
-Difficulty starting speaking
-Speech rate too fast
-Flat prosody
-Flat loudness
-Generally associated w/ Parkinson’s
-Reduction in dopamine, loss of substantia nigra neurons
–Less activation thru indirect pathway
–More inhibition through indirect pathway
Hyperkinetic vs. Hypokinetic
Hyperkinetic
-Overactivation of dopaminergic pathways in basal ganglia
-Leads to more motion; extraneous motions
Hypokinetic
-Decreased activation of dopaminergic pathways in basal ganglia
-Leads to less motion
Ataxic Dysarthria
-“Intoxicated” speech
-Irregular articulation problems
-Problem of timing or coordination
-Results from cerebellar damage
Spastic Dysarthria
-Harsh voice quality
-Flattening of prosody
-Flattening of loudness
-Slow speech
-Caused by bilateral damage to upper motor neurons in the corticobulbar or corticospinal pathways (depends on type of spastic disorder)
-Typically corticobulbar for dysarthria, becuase we’re affecting muscles invovled in speech production
-Corticobulbar tract damage (UMN)
LMN Disorders
-Disorders that affect different cranial nerves
Flaccid Dysarthria
Can affect:
-Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
-Facial nerve (CN VII)
-Vagus nerve (CN X)
-Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
Flaccid Dysarthria from Trigeminal nerve damage
-Unilateral trigeminal nerve damage -> no significant speech disorders
-Bilateral trigeminal nerve damage:
–Reduced jaw movement
–Reduced accuracy of articulation
Bell’s Palsy
-Caused by unilateral facial nerve damage
-Makes it difficult to use sounds /b/,/p/, and /f/ if you can only close lips on one side
Flaccid Dysarthria from damage to CN X
-Unilateral lesions result in vocal fold paralysis and diplophonia (two concurrent voice pitches) ->both vocal folds operate independently
-Bilateral lesions have little effecton phonation, but can cause airway issues, can affect control of vocal pitch, and can cause hypernasality (no diplophonia)
Flaccid Dysarthria from CN XII damage
-Weakness and atrophy of tongue
-Articulatory imprecision, specifically when tongue involvement is critical
–Mild with unilateral damage
–Severe with bilateral damage
–Problems with /t/,/d/,/g/,/k/
Flaccid dysarthria with CN X and XII damage
-Lesions can affect multiple cranial nerves because they are in similar spaces
-Tongue and lip control issues
