Speech Production/Disorders

Question 1

Classifications of Speech Sounds

Answer 1

-Manner
-Place
-Voicing

Question 2

Manner

Answer 2

How completely the air is blocked

Question 3

Place

Answer 3

Where the closure occurred

Question 4

Voicing

Answer 4

Whether or not the vocal folds are vibrating

Question 5

Gestures

Answer 5

-Argued to be minimal unit
-Often a difference in timing and/or coordination

Question 6

Gestural Scores

Answer 6

-Shows when things are happening (e.g. difference in timing of articulators)

Question 7

Production Errors

Answer 7

-Gestures can explain errors that phonemes can’t
-Can show which neural pathways are responsible for particular error patterns

Question 8

Hypoxia

Answer 8

-Reduced oxygen to brain (less than you need)
-Causes cognitive impairments like the inability to change course of action
-Affects speech production with timing of articulators
-Disrupted voice onset time (distinctions no longer made between ‘ba’ and ‘pa’)

Question 9

Voice onset time

Answer 9

-The difference between when a closure is released and when voicing starts

-When you open your lips and when vocal folds start vibrating

Question 10

Perception Affects Production

Answer 10

-If you start to lose your hearing, your speech production also degrades (shout or be really quiet)

-Brief changes in what you hear alter what you produce
–If you hear your pitch go up, you will shift your pitch down

-You constantly adjust to make the sound you want to produce

Question 11

Broca’s Aphasia

Answer 11

-In Broca’s area, controls language production in left hemisphere
-Broadmanns area 44,45
-Results in non-fluent and ungrammatical production
-Patients are generally visibly frustrated, they know they have an issue
-Includes difficulties with understanding and producing ungrammatical structures (not a motor issue)
-Problem accessing words

Question 12

Upper Motor Neurons (UMN)

Answer 12

Tracts between motor cortex and brainstem/spinal cord

Question 13

Lower Motor Neurons (LMN)

Answer 13

Tracts originating in the brainstem/spinal cord (like cranial nerves)

Question 14

Upper Motor Neuron Damage

Answer 14

Increased reflexes and spastic tone

Question 15

Lower Motor Neuron Damage

Answer 15

-Reduced reflexes
-Weakness
-Attenuated Muscle Tone
-Atrophy (muscles start to die away)

Question 16

Upper Motor Neuron Disorders

Answer 16

Apraxias
-Difficulty with planning motor activity

Dysarthrias
-Difficulty with executing and/or controlling motor activity

Question 17

Apraxia

Answer 17

-Generally affects articulation and/or prosody
-Imprecise or distorted articulation
-Substitutions, omissions, or additions of sounds
-False starts
-Slow speech rates
-Disrupted prosody
-Damage in left hemisphere in Broca’s area and pre-motor cortex

Question 18

Apraxia vs. Aphasia

Answer 18

-Broca’s Aphasia= difficulty finding words and with certain grammatical structures. Have well-produced words

-Apraxia= difficulty producing words including inconsistent errors despite intact muscles. Words often not well-produced

Question 19

Hyperkinetic Dysarthria

Answer 19

-Involuntary movements are added to normal speech production
-Comes in many subtypes
-Why? Different fibers connect to different cranial nerves, could affect one articulator or another, not unitary

-Slow, jerky movements
-Forceful contraction of the jaw or tongue
-Difficulty opening/closing the mouth

-Characterized by many different added movements depending on type

-Damage to basal ganglia
–More dopamine in system:
—Excite excitatory pathway
—Inhibit inhibitory pathway

Question 20

Hypokinetic Dysarthria

Answer 20

-Resting tremors
-Hoarse and/or quiet voice
-Difficulty starting speaking
-Speech rate too fast
-Flat prosody
-Flat loudness
-Generally associated w/ Parkinson’s
-Reduction in dopamine, loss of substantia nigra neurons
–Less activation thru indirect pathway
–More inhibition through indirect pathway

Question 21

Hyperkinetic vs. Hypokinetic

Answer 21

Hyperkinetic
-Overactivation of dopaminergic pathways in basal ganglia
-Leads to more motion; extraneous motions

Hypokinetic
-Decreased activation of dopaminergic pathways in basal ganglia
-Leads to less motion

Question 22

Ataxic Dysarthria

Answer 22

-“Intoxicated” speech
-Irregular articulation problems
-Problem of timing or coordination
-Results from cerebellar damage

Question 23

Spastic Dysarthria

Answer 23

-Harsh voice quality
-Flattening of prosody
-Flattening of loudness
-Slow speech
-Caused by bilateral damage to upper motor neurons in the corticobulbar or corticospinal pathways (depends on type of spastic disorder)
-Typically corticobulbar for dysarthria, becuase we’re affecting muscles invovled in speech production

-Corticobulbar tract damage (UMN)

Question 24

LMN Disorders

Answer 24

-Disorders that affect different cranial nerves

Question 25

Flaccid Dysarthria

Answer 25

Can affect:
-Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
-Facial nerve (CN VII)
-Vagus nerve (CN X)
-Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Question 26

Flaccid Dysarthria from Trigeminal nerve damage

Answer 26

-Unilateral trigeminal nerve damage -> no significant speech disorders

-Bilateral trigeminal nerve damage:
–Reduced jaw movement
–Reduced accuracy of articulation

Question 27

Bell’s Palsy

Answer 27

-Caused by unilateral facial nerve damage
-Makes it difficult to use sounds /b/,/p/, and /f/ if you can only close lips on one side

Question 28

Flaccid Dysarthria from damage to CN X

Answer 28

-Unilateral lesions result in vocal fold paralysis and diplophonia (two concurrent voice pitches) ->both vocal folds operate independently

-Bilateral lesions have little effecton phonation, but can cause airway issues, can affect control of vocal pitch, and can cause hypernasality (no diplophonia)

Question 29

Flaccid Dysarthria from CN XII damage

Answer 29

-Weakness and atrophy of tongue
-Articulatory imprecision, specifically when tongue involvement is critical
–Mild with unilateral damage
–Severe with bilateral damage
–Problems with /t/,/d/,/g/,/k/

Question 30

Flaccid dysarthria with CN X and XII damage

Answer 30

-Lesions can affect multiple cranial nerves because they are in similar spaces

-Tongue and lip control issues