Speech Production/Disorders Flashcards
Classifications of Speech Sounds
-Manner
-Place
-Voicing
Manner
How completely the air is blocked
Place
Where the closure occurred
Voicing
Whether or not the vocal folds are vibrating
Gestures
-Argued to be minimal unit
-Often a difference in timing and/or coordination
Gestural Scores
-Shows when things are happening (e.g. difference in timing of articulators)
Production Errors
-Gestures can explain errors that phonemes can’t
-Can show which neural pathways are responsible for particular error patterns
Hypoxia
-Reduced oxygen to brain (less than you need)
-Causes cognitive impairments like the inability to change course of action
-Affects speech production with timing of articulators
-Disrupted voice onset time (distinctions no longer made between ‘ba’ and ‘pa’)
Voice onset time
-The difference between when a closure is released and when voicing starts
-When you open your lips and when vocal folds start vibrating
Perception Affects Production
-If you start to lose your hearing, your speech production also degrades (shout or be really quiet)
-Brief changes in what you hear alter what you produce
–If you hear your pitch go up, you will shift your pitch down
-You constantly adjust to make the sound you want to produce
Broca’s Aphasia
-In Broca’s area, controls language production in left hemisphere
-Broadmanns area 44,45
-Results in non-fluent and ungrammatical production
-Patients are generally visibly frustrated, they know they have an issue
-Includes difficulties with understanding and producing ungrammatical structures (not a motor issue)
-Problem accessing words
Upper Motor Neurons (UMN)
Tracts between motor cortex and brainstem/spinal cord
Lower Motor Neurons (LMN)
Tracts originating in the brainstem/spinal cord (like cranial nerves)
Upper Motor Neuron Damage
Increased reflexes and spastic tone
Lower Motor Neuron Damage
-Reduced reflexes
-Weakness
-Attenuated Muscle Tone
-Atrophy (muscles start to die away)