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Neuroscience > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Imaging Techniques for Animals

A

-Patch Clamp
-Single Unit Recording
-Intracranial Electrodes

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2
Q

Imaging Techniques for Humans preparing for brain surgery

A

-Single Unit Recording
-Intracranial electrodes

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3
Q

Imaging Techniques for Humans

A

-Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
-Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
-Electroencehpalography (EEG)
-Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

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4
Q

Patch Clamp

A

-Very good temporal and spatial resolution
-Allows measurement of current through individual channels or whole cells with micropipetts
-Uses neurotransmitter property

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5
Q

Single Unit Recording

A

-Micropipette is placed near but outside neuron
-Uses property of electricity
-Action potentials can be picked up
-Great temporal resolution
-Spatial resolution worse than patch clamp, but still great

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6
Q

Intracranial electrodes

A

-Electrodes are inserted into brain via skull for neurosurgery on epilepsy
-Uses electricity property
-Good temporal resolution and spatial resolution
-Spatial resolution worse than Single Unit recording
-Can get info from deeper structures
-Con: Invasive, impaired population only, clinical decision for electrode placement, few locations across patients

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7
Q

fMRI

A

-Uses blood property
-High spatial resolution but low temporal resolution (hundreds of ms)
-Must avoid ferrous metals (iron-like attracted to magnetic field)
-Very expensive

-Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood have different properties
-Neurons call up oxygenated blood when they fire
-Changes in the magnetic field can be read by the machine

-Uses subtraction to compare activation under different conditions

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8
Q

PET

A

-Brain consumes 20% of all oxygen
-Oxygen is radioactively marked
-As it decays, neutrons release
-Colliding neutrons form positrons that can be sensed outside body
-Uses blood property
-Lower spatial resolution than fMRI
-Low temporal res.

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9
Q

EEG

A

-Uses electricity property
-Scalp electrodes pick up and amplify a current
-If the electrical signal is timelocked to a stimulus, the signal is called ERP, Event-related potential
-Spatial res is terrible
-Great temporal res

-Cons: only can get responses from cortex, not deeper structures

-Very noisy

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10
Q

MEG

A

-Magnetic fields created by firing neurons can be read outside head
-Better spatial resolution than EEG, same temporal
-Uses magnetic property

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11
Q

Techniques that directly manipulate functions of neurons

A

Electro-Cortical Stimulation (brain surgery humans)
TMS (humans)

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12
Q

Electro Cortical Stimulation

A

-Neurosurgery patients awake and able to give responses
-Homonculus and motor system discovered with this
-Uses electricity property
-Not normal brain functioning pts
-Processing area vs. part of circuit

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13
Q

TMS

A

-Magnetic property
-Creates temporary lesions
-Magnetic pulses activate or inhibit brain parts

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14
Q

ERP

A

P300: New events
boop… boop… boop… beep…
N400: Semantic violations
I like my coffee with cream and dog
P600: Syntactic violations and ambiguities
The horse ran past the barn fell
LAN: Syntactic violations
The goose was in the ran

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15
Q

Trilaminar

A

Ectoderm (skin and nervous system)

Mesoderm (muscles, skeleton, connective tissue)

Endoderm (digestive and respiratory tract)

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16
Q

Neural tube becomes

A

brain (rostral 2/3) and spinal cord (caudal 1/3)

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17
Q

Neural tube differentiates into

A

alar plate and basal plate

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18
Q

Alar plate

A

Sensory portions of spinal cord (dorsal horn)

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19
Q

basal plate

A

motor portions of spinal cord (ventral horn)

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20
Q

Prosencephalon

A

Telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and limbic lobe)

Diencephalon
(thalamus and hypothalamus)

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21
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Midbrain

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22
Q

Rhombencephalon

A

Hindbrain (pons, medulla, and cerebellum)

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23
Q

Growth cone

A

used by neurons to seek appropriate connections through attractive and repulsive chemical cues

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24
Q

Pruning

A

Decreasing the excess number of neurons and connections

critical for learing

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25
Q

Motor cortex

A

controls volitional movement

26
Q

Premotor cortex

A

Involved in planning of actions and complex movements

Sends most connections to primary motor cortex and some to spinal cord

27
Q

Mirror neurons

A

-Neurons that fire when performing and action and watching someone perform same action
-In premotor and somatosensory cortex

-Could be used in speech perception

28
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

-Generates actions
-can cause simple movements
-inputs from somatosensory cortex,
-Proprioceptive input in same area as area that controls muscles in one area

29
Q

Cortical representation

A

-Motor functions topographically mapped
-Size of cortical area related to precision of control
-Is experienced based, can change

30
Q

Motor equivlance

A

similar tasks can be scaled using different muscle groups because planning is an abstract concept

31
Q

Basal ganglia

A

-Regulates the motion you want to make through direct pathway
-decreases the undesired motions through indirect pathwAY
-contributes to learned movements

-refines motor actions

32
Q

nucleus accumbens

A

critical structure for reward

involved in addiction

33
Q

Substantia nigra

A

-Major source of dopaminergic neurons

  • inhibits indirect pathway for more excitation and movements

-excites excitatory pathway for more movement and excitiation

-Less dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra means less movement for parkinsons

34
Q

Dopamine

A

-critical for reward and addiction

-loss leads to parkinsons

35
Q

GABA

A

Major inhibitory neuron for indirect pathways of basal ganglia

36
Q

Cerebellum

A

-10% of brain volume but over half of the brain’s neurons
-Between spinal cord and motor cortex
-Modifies cortically generated motor plan
-corrects on-going movements
-Important for speech production and timing and coordination of articulators

-Has two hemispheres

37
Q

Vermis (median)

A

Governs:
-Posture
-Locomotion
-Gaze

38
Q

Paramedian

A

Governs:
-Distal muscles of limbs and digits

39
Q

Lateral hemisphere

A

-Input only from cerebral cortex
-Involved in planning and mental rehearsal of complex actions
-Involved in conscious monitoring of movements
-Output to motor cortex is mediated by dentate nucleus
-Allows conscious assessment of movement errors

40
Q

Anterior lobe

A

-Motor tone
-Walking position

41
Q

Posterior Lobe

A

-Cortically directed skilled movements

42
Q

Flocculonodular lobe

A

Important for equilibrium and eye movements

43
Q

Cerebellar peduncles

A

-connect cerebellum and brainstem
-Inferior, middle, superior
-40:1 afferent to efferent

44
Q

Vestibulocerebellar

A

-Inferior peduncle
-Maintain upright posture

45
Q

Dorsal spinocerebellar

A

unconscious proprioception
inferior peduncle

46
Q

Olivocerebellar

A

inferior peduncle
-information from contralateral motor cortex

47
Q

Cuneocerebellar

A

proprioception
-inferior peduncle

48
Q

Middle cerebellar peduncle

A

-afferents from motor cortex
-Inputs for visual and auditory info

49
Q

Efferent pathways

A

-from deep cerebellar nuclei
-Project to brainstem, thalamus, and motor cortex
-allows cerebellum to mediate motor activity

50
Q

Corticospinal tract

A

Controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles
-projections from pre and primary motor cortices, and sensory cortex

51
Q

Lateral corticospinal tract

A

-Contralateral control
-More distal

52
Q

Ventral corticospinal tract

A

-bilateral and ipsilateral
-More central trunk muscles

53
Q

Corticobulbar

A

-Controls head and facial muscles via cranial nerves

-Upper face uses bilateral connections
-Lower face uses contralateral

54
Q

Dorsal horn

A

Sensory fibers

55
Q

Ventral horn

A

motor fibers

56
Q

Dorsal ramus

A

sensorimotor function in posterior body

57
Q

Ventral ramus

A

sensorimotor function in anterior body

58
Q

Alpha motor neurons

A

-Major spinal neurons
-9 to 16 micro meters in diameter
-Innervates about 200 muscle fibers each
-rapid impulse conduction
-Involved in involuntary and reflexive movements of head, trunk, and extremities

59
Q

Gamma neurons

A

-Smaller diameter
-Slow impulse conduction
-Modulate muscle responses

60
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

-Motor neurons synapse onto muscles
-Motor neurons release acetylcholine
-This causes and action potential in muscle fiber
-Muscle fiber contracts

61
Q

Interneurons

A

Integrate both sensory and motor functions
-facilitates and sharpens motor neuron activity

62
Q

Spinal reflexes

A

Handled by a sensory motor loop where interneurons connect sensory and motor nerves

Neuroscience (13 decks)

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