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Neuroscience > How We Know What We Know > Flashcards

How We Know What We Know Flashcards

1
Q

Phrenology

A

Idea that bumps in the head tell us about how well developed different parts of the brain are (Pseudoscience)

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2
Q

Craniology

A

Linking things to the bumps in the skull

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3
Q

Organology

A

Idea that functions can be assigned to discrete places in the brain

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4
Q

Two factors to good Imaging technique

A

-Temporal Resolution
-Spatial Resolution

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5
Q

Lesions

A

Provide important information about what a part of the brain does

-Which abilities are lost
-Which abilities are preserved
-Not all lesions are accidental

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6
Q

Problems with Lesions

A

-Messy (Rarely restricted to one functional area)
-Plasticity can mask or alter effects
-Less obvious effect can co-occur (particularly if blood flow is impaired)
-There are rarely baseline (pre-lesion) measures for these individuals

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7
Q

Types of Neural Properties for brain imaging techniques

A

-Chemicals: Neurotransmitters or Ions
-Blood
-Electricity
-Magnetic Force (what creates electricity also creates magnetic force)

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8
Q

Patch Clamp

A

-Allows measurement of current flow through individual channels or whole cells
-Uses neurotransmitters
-Used for animals
-Spatial resoultion: 1 micrometer
-Temporal resolution: between 1 and 10 ms (5 ms?)

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9
Q

Single Unit Recording

A

-Micropipette is placed near but outside a neuron
-Action Potentials can be picked up
-Uses Electricity
-Animals/Humans preparing for brain surgery
-Spatial Resolution: between 10 and 100 micrometers
-Temporal Resolution: between 1 and 10 ms (5 ms?)

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10
Q

Intracranial Electrodes

A

-Some patients with epilepsy undergo neurosurgery
-Prior to surgery, electrodes are inserted through the skull, into the brain
-These are left in for at least a week
-During this time, experiments can be run on these patients
-Used for animals/humans preparing for brain surgery
-Uses electricity
-Spatial Resolution: 100 micrometers
-Temporal resolution: 1ms to 10ms (5 ms?)

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11
Q

Intracranial Electrodes Advantages

A

-Good temporal resolution
-Good spatial resolution
-Can get information for deeper structures

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12
Q

Intracranial Electrodes Disadvantages

A

-Incredibly invasive
-Only done with impaired population
-Location of Electrodes determined by clinical needs
-Few locations across patients

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13
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A

-Used on Humans
-Uses blood
-High spatial resolution (1cm)
-Low temporal resolution (hundreds of milliseconds)
-Must avoid ferrous metals (iron-like metals attracted to magnetic fields)
-Even non-ferrous metals are problematic
-Very expensive

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14
Q

How fMRI works

A

-Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood have different magnetic properties
-When neuron start firing, they call up oxygenated blood
-This causes changes in the local magnetic field which can be “read” by the MRI machine

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15
Q

Critical Role of Subtraction in fMRI

A

-Lots of things always going on in the brain so how to identify what is active for your task and what is active for other reasons?
-Subtraction–compare activation under one condition with activation under another
-This is critical for getting meaningful activation patterns

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16
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A

-First non-invasive method for obtaining localized functional data from neurological normal brains
-Uses radiation to follow blood flow
-Uses blood

17
Q

How Does PET work?

A

-Brain consumes 20% of all oxygen in the body
-Oxygen can be radioactively marked and followed throughout the body and brain
-As radioactive oxygen decays, it releases neutrons
-Colliding neutrons form positrons that can be sensed outside body

18
Q

Problems with PET

A

-Uses radioactive oxygen
-Has low spatial resolution (not as good as fMRI)(1-10cm)
-Has low temporal resolution (over a minute)

19
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

-Uses Electricity
-Electric current is picked up by scalp electrodes
-These are then amplified
-When the electric signal is time-locked to a stimulus, the resulting signal is called an event-related potential (ERP)

20
Q

Understanding ERPs

A

-By Convention, Up is Down and Down is Up
-Components named after their relative direction (positive or negative) and latency (how long after the stimulus they occur) in milliseconds

21
Q

ERP Components

A

-P300: New Events
boop…boop…boop…beep…
-N400: Semantic violations
I like my coffee with cream and dog
-P600: Syntactic violations and ambiguities
The horse ran past the barn fell
-LAN: Syntactic Violations
The goose was in the ran

22
Q

ERP limitations

A

-Can only get responses from cortex (problem for looking at A1 (primary auditory cortex) or deep structures
-Terrible spatial resolution (10 cm)
- but Great temporal resolution (100ms)
-Very noisy - need a lot of subjects

23
Q

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A

-Uses magnets
-When neurons fire they create magnetic fields
-These can be picked up outside the head.
-Less distorted than electrical signal
-Better spatial resolution than EEG, same temporal resolution

24
Q

Passive Techniques

A

-MEG
-EEG
-PET
-fMRI
-Intracranial electrodes
-Patch Clamp
-Single Unit Recording

25
Q

Electro-Cortical Stimulation

A

-Uses electricity
-Humans preparing for brain surgery
-Spatial: 10 cm
-Temporal: 100 ms
-Neurosurgery patients awake for most of the procedure
-Able to give responses during this period
-Method by which homunculus for sensory and motor systems was determined

26
Q

Electro-Cortical Stimulation Limitations

A

-Very Invasive
-Individuals undergoing procedure “not normal brain functioning”
-Processing area vs. part of circuit

27
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A

-Magnetic pulses sent through the skull
-Uses magnetic force
-Depending on properties of pulses, either activate or inhibit parts of the brain directly below the device
-These can work like temporary (reversible) lesions
-For humans
-Spatial: 10 cm
-Temporal: 100 ms

28
Q

TMS Party tricks

A

-Make your toe wiggle
-Block your ability to name an object
-Create temporary short term memory deficits

Neuroscience (13 decks)

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