Speciation of fishes

Question 1

What is the distribution of water?

Answer 1

• 97% in oceans
• 2% as ice/vapour
• 0.009% in freshwater lakes & streams

Question 2

What % of fish are in freshwater?

Answer 2

• 41%

Question 3

What do anadromous/catadromous mean? What % of fish are they?

Answer 3

• can spawn in one area and survive in others (live both in salt and freshwater)
  -1%

Question 4

What are 2 examples of anadromous/catadromous fish?

Answer 4

• salmon and eel

Question 5

What is allopatric speciation?

Answer 5

• geographic isolation
• species separated (isolated water bodies)

Question 6

Breakdown allopatric

Answer 6

• allo = other
• patric = further land

Question 7

What is sympatric speciation?

Answer 7

• divergence without geographical isolation
• lots of species diversification in same body of water

Question 8

What does behavioural isolation consist of?

Answer 8

• separate habitat use/spawning locations

Question 9

How rapid can speciation occur? how often is it typically?

Answer 9

• <10, 000
• 100 000s to several million years

Question 10

What is the temperature range in water?

Answer 10

-1.8 to 40

Question 11

When does saltwater freeze?

Answer 11

below 0

Question 12

What are oxygen ranges in water?

Answer 12

0 to 150% saturation

Question 13

What are salinity ranges in water?

Answer 13

0 to 90 grams of salt per litre

Question 14

What is the salinity of freshwater? saltwater?

Answer 14

• 0 ppt
• 36 ppt

Question 15

What are the pH ranges in water?

Answer 15

3.5 to 10

Question 16

What is the depth range of water?

Answer 16

• surface to 7 000 m

Question 17

What is the pH difference between rios negro and solimoes?

Answer 17

• 3.5 and neutral

Question 18

What are the major characteristics of lake Magadi?

Answer 18

• fed by hot springs
• 40 degrees
• pH 10

Question 19

What is the max depth fish can live? what are some characteristics?

Answer 19

• up to 7km
• high pressure
• oligotrophic

Question 20

What % of fish are in oceans?

Answer 20

58%

Question 21

What are the 2 main limitations of oceans?

Answer 21

• unproductive and without light

Question 22

What is the distribution of fish in the open ocean

Answer 22

• 1% surface layer (epipelagic)
• 5% unlit zone (Deepwater pelagic)
• 7% bottom (deepwater benthic)

Question 23

What is the distribution of fish in human edges?

Answer 23

• nearshore/coastal = 78% +

Question 24

Does diversity = biomass? why?

Answer 24

• no
• because oceans are larger, there is larger biomass of fish

Question 25

Where does nearshore water get nutrient inputs? What does this do?

Answer 25

• from land and sunlight penetration
• increases primary productivity