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Fishies Midterm > Body Shape > Flashcards

Body Shape Flashcards

1
Q

What is external anatomy categorized according to? (6)

A
  • body shape
  • scale types (if present)
  • shape and placement of fins
  • mouth shape + position
  • gill openings
  • sense organs
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2
Q

What are the 3 medial fins

A
  • dorsal
  • anal
  • caudal
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3
Q

What are the 2 paired fins?

A
  • pectoral
  • pelvic
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4
Q

What is an operculum?

A
  • single gill opening
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5
Q

What does mouth orientation depend on? give an example

A
  • how fish feeds
  • ex. bottom feeder = on bottom of body
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6
Q

how are gill openings derived?

A
  • phylogenetically
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7
Q

What are 2 examples of sensory organs in fish?

A
  • lateral line
  • barbells
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8
Q

What are the 9 different types of fish?

A
  • rover predator
  • lie in wait predator
  • surface oriented fish
  • bottom rover
  • bottom clinger/hider
  • flatfish
  • rat tail
  • deep-bodied
  • eel-like
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9
Q

What are the main characteristics of rover-predators? (4)

A
  • fusiform
  • narrow caudal peduncle/forked tail
  • even distribution of fins
  • constant movement
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10
Q

What does the fusiform shape allow for in rover-predator fish? Why do they have this adaptation

A
  • hydrodynamic
  • need swimming to be as efficient as possible
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11
Q

What is a peduncle? What is it’s function?

A
  • narrow part before tail/tail
  • generates thrust while minimizing drag
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12
Q

What does an even distribution of fins do?

A
  • allows them to orient their body better
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13
Q

How did rover-predators get their body form?

A

independent (convergent evolution - they have no common ancestor

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14
Q

Give 5 examples of rover-predator fish

A
  • swordfish
  • tuna
  • shark
  • trout
  • minnows
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15
Q

What are the main characteristics of lie-in-wait predators? (6)

A
  • piscivorous
  • fusiform (torpedo shape)
  • flattened heads
  • long pointed snouts
  • large teeth-filled mouths
  • dorsal + anal fins far back
  • cryptic colouration
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16
Q

Define piscivorous

A
  • ambush other fish
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17
Q

What is the advantage of lie-in-wait fish having lots of teeth?

A
  • catch fish in mouth
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18
Q

What is the advantage of lie-in-wait fish having their fins oriented where they are?

A
  • generates thrust
  • can rapidly accelerate
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19
Q

What is the advantage of the colouration of lie-in-wait fish?

A
  • can hid and blend in
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20
Q

Give 4 examples of lie-in-wait fish

A
  • pike
  • gar
  • barracuda
  • needlefish
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21
Q

What are the main characteristics of surface oriented fish? (5)

A
  • small
  • dorsoventrally flattened head
  • large eyes
  • fusiform to deep body
  • posteriorly located dorsal fin
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22
Q

What is the orientation of surface oriented fish mouths?

A
  • upward pointing
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23
Q

What is the function of surface oriented fish?

A
  • capture phytoplankton & small fish at surface
  • obtain O2 from water-air interface
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24
Q

Define aquatic surface respiration

A
  • obtain O2 from water-air interface
25
Q

What is a major disadvantage of being a surface oriented fish? how do they minimize it?

A
  • breaking surface tension of water gives them away to birds and other terrestrial animals
  • flattened head and fin orientation (do not pop out of water)
26
Q

Define hypoxic

A
  • low oxygen
27
Q

How do fish obtain oxygen where it is lower?

A
  • in deeper water they “sip” because their lower lip protrudes
28
Q

What are the 2 general features of bottom fish?

A
  • swim bladder often reduced/absent
  • flattened
29
Q

What are the 5 subtypes of bottom fish?

A
  • bottom rovers
  • bottom clingers
  • bottom hiders
  • flatfish
  • rattails
30
Q

What are the main features of bottom rovers? (4)

A
  • humped back
  • flat head/rover-predator body
  • enlarged pectoral fins
  • barbels
31
Q

Why do bottom fish often lack a swim bladder?

A
  • want to be negatively buoyant (do not want to float)
32
Q

give an example of a bottom rover

A
  • north american catfish
33
Q

What are the main features of bottom clingers? (4)

A
  • small flattened heads
  • large pectoral fins and modified pelvic fins
  • grippers/suction cups
34
Q

Why do bottom clingers have modified pelvic fins?

A
  • to grip bottom in fast flowing streams/intertidal zones
35
Q

give 3 examples of bottom clingers

A
  • sculpins, gobies, clingfish
36
Q

What are the major features of bottom hiders? (4)

A
  • similar to clingers but longer with smaller heads
  • lack clinging devices
  • can hide in crevices/under rocks
  • frequently sedentary
37
Q

Give 2 examples of bottom hiders

A
  • darters
  • blennies
38
Q

What are the 2 subcategories of flatfish?

A
  • flounders
  • skates and rays
39
Q

What are the main features of flounders? (5)

A
  • deep bodied/laterally compressed
  • lie on side
  • mouth oriented for bottom feeding
  • eyes dorsally positioned
  • larvae bilaterally symmetrical
40
Q

Define compressiform

A
  • laterally compressed (sideways)
  • migration of one eye to top as one side always facing down
41
Q

What are the major features of skates and rays?

A
  • dorsoventrally flattened
  • large pectoral fins used as wings
  • ventral mouth
  • dorsal spiracles
42
Q

define depressiform

A
  • dorsoventrally flattened
43
Q

What is the function of spiracles?

A
  • breathing in, and out through gill slits
44
Q

What are the major features of rattails?

A
  • deep sea habitat
  • large pointy snouted heads
  • large pectoral fins
    -tapered “rattail”
45
Q

How did rattails evolve?

A
  • independently of osteichthyes and chondrichthyes
46
Q

What did flatfish derive from osteichthyes?

A
  • bony tails
47
Q

What did flatfish derive from chondrichthyes?

A
  • large pectoral fins for swimming
48
Q

What are the major features of deep-bodied fish? (5)

A
  • laterally flattened
  • high pectoral fins with pelvic below
  • fins have sharp spines
  • small mouth protrusible
  • large eyes
49
Q

What is the difference between the shape of flatfish and deep-bodied fish?

A
  • deep are deep compared to length and do not lie on one side
50
Q

What are the functions of deep-bodied fish fin placement?

A
  • maneuver tight spaces
  • bottom foragers
51
Q

what features allow for a deep-bodied fish to forage for food?

A
  • large eyes help them see
  • fins help maneuver
52
Q

What is the function of spines on fins?

A
  • increases effective spine and is harder to eat it
53
Q

Give 2 examples of deep-bodied fish

A
  • sunfish
  • blue gill
54
Q

What are the major features of eel-like fish?

A
  • elongate
  • blunt/wedge shaped heads
  • tapering/rounded tails
  • large dorsal and anal fins
55
Q

what happens to the caudal fin in eel-like fish?

A
  • fuses with dorsal and anal
56
Q

What does the loss of paired fins in eel-like fish allow for?

A
  • easier to fit in small spaces and dig
57
Q

What is the functional significance of eel-like fish features

A
  • hiding/foraging in crevices/holes
  • burrowing
58
Q

Give 3 examples of eel-like fish. Why are they similar?

A
  • eels
  • lamprey
  • lungfish
  • CONVERGENT EVOLUTION

Fishies Midterm (35 decks)

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