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A Level Biology OCR > Specialised Cells And Tissues > Flashcards

Specialised Cells And Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What happens in complex multicellular organisms

A

Eukaryotic cells become specialised for specific functions

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2
Q

What do specialised cells have

A

Specific adaptations to help them carry out their functions
E.g the structure of a cell is adapted to carry out its function

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3
Q
A
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4
Q

What can structural adaptations include

A

The shape of the cell
The organelles that the cell contains (or doesn’t contain)

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5
Q

What is the function of erythrocytes

A

They transport oxygen around the body and carbon dioxide to the lungs

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6
Q

What is the 1st adaptation of erythrocytes

A

They are biconcave in shape increasing the SA over which oxygen can be absorbed

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7
Q

What is an adaption of erythrocytes 2

A

The cytoplasm contains high amounts of the pigment haemoglobin which readily binds to oxygen

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8
Q

What is an adaption of erythrocytes 3

A

No nucleus is present which makes more space inside the cell for haemoglobin molecules for maximum oxygen carrying capacity

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9
Q

What is an adaption of erythrocytes 4

A

Elastic membrane allows the cell to be flexible and change shape as it squeezes through narrow capillaries

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10
Q

What is the function for neutrophils

A

Destroy pathogens by phagocytosis and the secretion of enzymes

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11
Q

What is an adaption of neutrophils 1

A

Neutrophils have a very flexible shape that allows them to squeeze through cell junctions in the capillary wall

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12
Q

What is an adaption of neutrophils 2

A

Their flexibility also allows them to form pseudopodia - which engulf microorganisms

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13
Q

What is an adaption of neutrophils 3

A

Large number of lysosomes present in the cell. These digestive enzymes help to destroy invading cells.

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14
Q

What is an adaption of neutrophils 4

A

Flexible nuclear membrane helps the cell to penetrate cell junctions. This flexibility causes the characteristic of the lobed nucleus.

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15
Q

What is the function for stem cells

A

Reproduction - to fuse with an egg, initiating the development of an embryo and pass on the fathers genes

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16
Q

What is an adaption of sperm cells 1

A

The head contains a nucleus that contains half the normal number of chromosomes (haploid)

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17
Q

What is an adaption of sperm cells 2

A

The acrosome in the head contains digestive enzymes that can break down the outer layer of an egg cell, so that the haploid nucleus can enter to fuse with the egg’s nucleus.

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18
Q

What is an adaption of sperm cells 3

A

Mid-piece is packed with mitochondria to release energy from the tail movement

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19
Q

What is an adaption of sperm cells 4

A

The tail rotates, propelling the sperm cell forwards and allowing it to move towards the egg

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20
Q

What is the function of root hair cells

A

Absorption of water and mineral ions from soil

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21
Q

What is an adaption of root hair cells 1

A

Root hair to increase the surface area so the rate of uptake by osmosis is greater

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22
Q

What is an adaption of root hair cells 2

A

Thinner walls than other plant cells so that water can move through easily (short diffusion distance)

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23
Q

What is an adaption of root hair cells 3

A

Permanent vacuole contains cell sap which is more concentrated than soil water (maintaining a water potential gradient)

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24
Q

What is an adaption of root hair cells 4 & 5

A

Mitochondria for active transport of mineral ions
Chloroplast not found in these cells

25
Q

What is the function of ciliates epithelium

A

Moving substances across the surface of a tissue

26
Q

What is an adaption of ciliated epithelium 2

A

Have cilia, which beat in a coordinated way to shift material along the surface of the epithelium tissue

27
Q

What is an adaption of ciliated epithelium 2

A

Goblet cells secrete mucus, which traps dust, dirt and microorganisms - preventing them entering vital organs where they can cause infection

28
Q

What is the function for the squamous epithelial

A

Prove a surface covering or outer layer. Found on a verity of organs and structures (e.g alveoli. And blood vessels).

29
Q

What is an adaption of squamous epithelial cells 1

A

Consists of a single layer of flattened cells on a basement membrane

30
Q

What is an adaption of squamous epithelial cells 2

A

The layer of cells forms a thin cross-section which reduces the distance that the substance has to move to pass through - shorter diffusion distance

31
Q

What is an adaption of squamous epithelial cells 3

A

Permeable - allowing for easy diffusion of gases

32
Q

What is the function of palisade cells

A

Carry out photosynthesis producing oxygen and glucose

33
Q

What is an adaption of palisade cells 1

A

A large number of chloroplasts are present in the cytoplasm to maximise the absorption of light for photosynthesis

34
Q

What is an adaption of palisade cells 2

A

The tall and thin shape of the cells allows light to penetrate deeper before encountering another cell wall (cell walls absorb/reflect light) and for many cells to be densely packed together.

35
Q

What is the function of guard cells

A

Control the opening of the stomata to regulate water loss and gaseous exchange

36
Q

What is an adaption of guard cells 1

A

Inner cell walls are thicker (those that free the air outside the leaf) while the outer cell walls are thinner. The difference in thickness of the cell walls allows the cell to bend when turgid.

37
Q

What is an adaption of guard cells 2

A

Cytoplasm has a high density of chloroplasts and mitochondria. These organelles may play a role in the opening of the stomata.

38
Q
A
39
Q

What do specialised cells of the same type group together to do

A

To form tissue

40
Q

What is a tissue and an example

A

Is a group of cells that work together to perform a particular function:
For example (epithelial cells group together to form epithelial tissue (in the small intestine is to absorb food))

41
Q

What do different tissues work together to form

A

Organs

42
Q

What do organs work together to form

A

Organ systems

43
Q

What is the function of xylem vessel cells (xylem tissue)

A

Transport tissue for water and dissolved ions

44
Q

What are the adaptations of xylem cells in the tissue (1)

A

No top and bottom walls between cells to form continuous hollow tubes through which water is drawn upwards through the leaves by transpiration.

45
Q

What are the adaptations of xylem cells in the tissue (2)

A

Cells don’t have organelles or cytoplasm to allow free movement of water

46
Q

What are the adaptations of xylem cells in the tissue (3)

A

Outer cell walls are thickened with lignin, strengthening the tubes helping to support the plant

47
Q

What is the function of phloem vessel cells

A

Transport of dissolved sugars and amino acids

48
Q

What are the adaptations of the phloem vessel cells (1)

A

They are made up of living cells which are supported by companion cells

49
Q

What are the adaptations of the phloem vessel cells (2)

A

Cells are joined end to end and contain holes in the end cell walls forming tubes that allow sugars and amino acids to flow easily through (by translocation)

50
Q

What are the adaptations of the phloem vessel cells (3)

A

Cells have very few sub-cellular structures to aid the flow of materials

51
Q

What is the function of muscle cells in the muscle tissue

A

Contraction for movement

52
Q

What are the adaptations of muscle cells (1)

A

All muscle cells have layers of protective filaments in them, these layers can slide one each other causing muscle contraction

53
Q

What are the adaptations of muscle cells (2)

A

Muscle cells have a high density of mitochondria to provide sufficient energy for muscle contraction

54
Q

What are the adaptations of muscle cells (3)

A

Skeletal muscle cells fuse together during development to form multinucleated cells that contract in unison

55
Q

What is the function of cartilage

A

To provide support

56
Q

What are adaptions of the cartilage cells in cartilage tissue (1)

A

Cartilage is a strong and flexible tissue found in various places around the body

57
Q

Where is cartilage found and what does it do there

A

Along the trachea in tracheal rings.

These help to support the trachea and ensure it stays open allowing it to move and flex while we breathe.

58
Q
A

A Level Biology OCR (24 decks)

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