Special Senses - Lecture 3

Question 1

ganglion cells are the first cells in the phototransduction pathways that can generate _____ due to having _______

Answer 1

action potentials
voltage-gated sodium channels

Question 1

Photoreceptor cells and bipolar cells undergo what responses?
They lack what, needed to generate AP’s?

Answer 1

graded potentials
voltage-gated sodium channels

Question 2

Bipolar cells of the ON pathway ________ in the absense of input while bipolar cells of the OFF pathway _________ in the absence of input

Answer 2

spontaneously depolarize
hyperpolarize

Question 3

the visual cortex is located in the __________ lobe

Answer 3

occipital

Question 4

visual information from each eye goes both to the ______ side of the brain as well as the ________ side of the brain

Answer 4

same
contralateral

Question 5

the physical or external ear that resides outside the head

Answer 5

pinna - earlobe

Question 6

Air molecules, found in the zones of compression and rarefaction, travel along the _______ and hit the ________

Answer 6

• external auditory canal
• tympanic membrane (eardrum)

Question 7

outer ear; vibrates in and out as air molecules push against it

Answer 7

tympanic membrane

Question 8

inner ear

Answer 8

cochlea

Question 9

3 bones the tympanic membrane is attached to in the middle ear

Answer 9

malleus, incus, stapes

Question 10

bones act as _____ and amplify the _______

Answer 10

levers
sound

Question 11

why is amplification needed?

Answer 11

outer and middle ear filled with ear and inner ear with sensory receptors for auditory system is filled with fluid

Question 12

skeletal muscles attached to malleus and stapes contract to protect the ear from consistent

Answer 12

ongoing loud sounds

Question 13

The foot (stapes) pushes against the _______ and pushes _____ forward within the inner ear

Answer 13

oval window
fluid

Question 14

What happens muscles contract when sound becomes too loud to dampen bone movements

Answer 14

stapedius muscle and tensor tympani muscles

Question 15

name of the top, bottom and middle components of the inner ear/cochlea, respectively

Answer 15

• scala vestibuli (top)
• scala tympani (bottom)
• cochlear duct (middle)

Question 16

what results in the activation of sensory receptors in the cochlear duct

Answer 16

movement of fluid down from scala vestibuli to scala tympani

Question 17

where the sensory receptors for the auditory system are located

Answer 17

cochlear duct

Question 18

sensory receptors for the auditory system are known as

Answer 18

hair cells

Question 19

a specialized sensory epithelium that allows for the transduction of sound vibrations into neural signals

Answer 19

organ of corti

Question 20

the stereocilia of the single row of inner hair cells extend into _____ and transduce pressure waves caused by fluid movement in the cochlear duct into

Answer 20

• the endolymph
• receptor potentials

Question 21

The stereocilia of the 3 rows of outer hair cells are attached to the

Answer 21

tectorial membrane

Question 22

at the bottom, each hair cell is attached to the

Answer 22

basilar membrane

Question 23

different sound frequencies are detected along

Answer 23

the length of the organ of corti

Question 24

what takes auditory information from the ear towards the brain

Answer 24

vestibulocochlear nerve

Question 25

hair cells move back and forth when

Answer 25

the basilar membrane moves

Question 26

a mechanically-gated K+ channel opens when _______ move

Answer 26

stereocilia

Question 27

See document for mechanisms of hair cells of organ corti + more

Question 28

from the brainstem, information is transmitted by a ________ pathway to the _________ and then the _____________ in the temporal lobe

Answer 28

multineuron thalamus auditory cortex