Special Senses - Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

ganglion cells are the first cells in the phototransduction pathways that can generate _____ due to having _______

A

action potentials
voltage-gated sodium channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Photoreceptor cells and bipolar cells undergo what responses?
They lack what, needed to generate AP’s?

A

graded potentials
voltage-gated sodium channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Bipolar cells of the ON pathway ________ in the absense of input while bipolar cells of the OFF pathway _________ in the absence of input

A

spontaneously depolarize
hyperpolarize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the visual cortex is located in the __________ lobe

A

occipital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

visual information from each eye goes both to the ______ side of the brain as well as the ________ side of the brain

A

same
contralateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the physical or external ear that resides outside the head

A

pinna - earlobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Air molecules, found in the zones of compression and rarefaction, travel along the _______ and hit the ________

A
  • external auditory canal
  • tympanic membrane (eardrum)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

outer ear; vibrates in and out as air molecules push against it

A

tympanic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

inner ear

A

cochlea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3 bones the tympanic membrane is attached to in the middle ear

A

malleus, incus, stapes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

bones act as _____ and amplify the _______

A

levers
sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

why is amplification needed?

A

outer and middle ear filled with ear and inner ear with sensory receptors for auditory system is filled with fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

skeletal muscles attached to malleus and stapes contract to protect the ear from consistent

A

ongoing loud sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The foot (stapes) pushes against the _______ and pushes _____ forward within the inner ear

A

oval window
fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens muscles contract when sound becomes too loud to dampen bone movements

A

stapedius muscle and tensor tympani muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

name of the top, bottom and middle components of the inner ear/cochlea, respectively

A
  • scala vestibuli (top)
  • scala tympani (bottom)
  • cochlear duct (middle)
16
Q

what results in the activation of sensory receptors in the cochlear duct

A

movement of fluid down from scala vestibuli to scala tympani

17
Q

where the sensory receptors for the auditory system are located

A

cochlear duct

18
Q

sensory receptors for the auditory system are known as

A

hair cells

19
Q

a specialized sensory epithelium that allows for the transduction of sound vibrations into neural signals

A

organ of corti

20
Q

the stereocilia of the single row of inner hair cells extend into _____ and transduce pressure waves caused by fluid movement in the cochlear duct into

A
  • the endolymph
  • receptor potentials
21
Q

The stereocilia of the 3 rows of outer hair cells are attached to the

A

tectorial membrane

22
Q

at the bottom, each hair cell is attached to the

A

basilar membrane

23
Q

different sound frequencies are detected along

A

the length of the organ of corti

24
Q

what takes auditory information from the ear towards the brain

A

vestibulocochlear nerve

25
Q

hair cells move back and forth when

A

the basilar membrane moves

26
Q

a mechanically-gated K+ channel opens when _______ move

A

stereocilia

27
Q

See document for mechanisms of hair cells of organ corti + more

A
28
Q

from the brainstem, information is transmitted by a ________ pathway to the _________ and then the _____________ in the temporal lobe

A

multineuron
thalamus
auditory cortex