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PHYSL 210 > CNS - Lecture 5 > Flashcards

CNS - Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Functional divisions of the cerebellum and functions

A
  • Vermis: posture , control of movements of neck and axial (truck) musculature
  • Intermediate zone: locomotion control
  • flocculonodular lobe: controlling balance
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2
Q

of large nuclei deep within the cerebral hemispheres

A

basal ganglia

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3
Q

the basal ganglia forms the

A

extrapyramidal system

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4
Q

The extrapyramidal system is involved in

A

initiating movement and suppressing the activity of muscles that would resist the intended movement

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5
Q

what does electroencephalogram (EEG) do?

A

monitors electrical activity in the brain

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6
Q

What are the two phases of sleep

A

NREM (N1, N2, N3) and REM

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7
Q

NREM stands for

A

non-rapid eye movement

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8
Q

REM stands for

A

rapid eye-movement

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9
Q

Each stage of NREM is characterized by an ____ pattern with lower __________ and larger _________ than the previous one; harder to wake someone as they progress through

A
  • EEG
  • frequency
  • amplitutde
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10
Q

EEG waves in N1 (light)

A
  • alpha waves become reduced in frequency and amplitude and the percentage of time that they are present
  • some theta waves
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11
Q

EEG waves in N2 (further lack of sensitivity)

A
  • alpha waves are replaced by random waves of greater amplitude
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12
Q

EEG waves of N3 (deep sleep)

A
  • more theta and delta activity
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13
Q

The stage of sleep associated with dreaming and rapid eye movements, muscles of the body are the most relaxed and yet brain very active

A

Rapid Eye Movement or REM sleep

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14
Q

Brain waves during REM are characterized by a _____ rhythm that mimic activity during the _____ state

A
  • beta
  • awake
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15
Q

During ~8 hours of sleep the EEG reveals _____ cycles of deep and light sleep

A

5

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16
Q

Duration of a sleep cycle is

A

90 minutes

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17
Q

what is the sequence of stages a person moves through in each sleep cycle

A

N1 > N2 > N3 > N2 > REM

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18
Q

What are sleep spindles and what sleep state can they occur in

A
  • large amplitude, high frequency bursts
  • N2 stage
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19
Q

a set of characteristics used to classify the level of consciousness of a person

A

Glasgow Coma Scale

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20
Q

The Glasgow Coma Scale is based on:

A
  • eye movements
  • responses to questions
  • ability to make voluntary movements
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21
Q

3 main determinants taken of brain death

A
  • the nature and duration of the coma must be known
  • cerebral and brainstem function are absent
  • flat EEG for 30 minutes
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22
Q

During wakefulness, visual and other sensory inputs activate neurons in the

A

reticular activating system

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23
Q

Neurons in the reticular activating system release ______ to the _________ and other brain areas

A

monoamines
hypothalamus

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24
Q

3 types of monoamines

A

norepinephrine
serotonin
histamine

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25
Q

Hypothalamus supplies _______ to the ________ and _________ to maintain wakefulness

A

orexins
thalamus
cortex

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26
Q

What two mechanisms of the suprachiasmatic nucleus set the circadian rhythm?

A
  • activates orexin-producing neurons in the morning
  • secretes melatonin at dusk
27
Q

sleep centre: location and function

A
  • found in the preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus
  • causes GABAergic inhibition to the reticular activating system to reduce orexin levels
28
Q

small lesions in the reticular-activating system can produce a

A

coma

29
Q

the limbic system is concerned with

A

memory and motion

30
Q

the limbic system triggers the drive to

A

explore and move

31
Q

** see document for transtions to the awake and sleep states

A
32
Q

what effect does the release of monoamines by orexin neurons have

A
  • inhibits the sleep centre
  • activation of large parts of the cortex via the thalamus
33
Q

2 main aspects that are part of the conscious experience

A
  • selective attention
  • conscious perception
34
Q

CNS areas implicated in triggering shifts:

A

thalamus and locus ceruleus in brainstem RAS

35
Q

selective attention is when

A

attention shifts from one focus or attractor to another

36
Q

visual and auditory inputs coming from the same direction or _________ __________ are more likely to trigger a shift than separate attractors.

A

coincident attractors

37
Q

A central brain area selects and illuminates a temporary set of neurons in different separated brain areas

A

conscious perception

38
Q

See document for consciousness experiences

A
39
Q

primary motivated behaviour is directly related to

A

homeostasis

40
Q

secondary motivated behaviour results in

A

pleasure

41
Q

what releases dopamine

A

a pathway in the brainstem nuclei within the frontal lobe of the brain

42
Q

emotional behaviour is

A

external responses to internal attitudes

43
Q

electrically stimulating the lateral hypothalamus results in

A

rage

44
Q

lesions of the amygdala can result in

A

the absence of fear

45
Q

in what way do anti-depressants act

A

by maintaining levels of serotonin and norepinephrine in the CNS

46
Q

T/F a single cluster of neurons is responsible for the generation of all the emotions

A

F - different parts of the brain can be stimulated to create different types of emotion

47
Q

substance dependence is diagnosed when ___ or more of the __ specified criteria occur within a ___ month period

A

3
7
12

48
Q

working memory is

A

easily acquired but quickly lost

49
Q

episodic working memory refers to

A

recent events and places

50
Q

visuospatial working memory refers to

A

recent sights and locations

51
Q

phonological working memory refers to

A

recent words and sounds

52
Q

Long-term memory - acquisition and length

A
  • has a slower period of acquisition
  • lasts for much longer, even a lifetime
53
Q

declarative long-term memory includes

A
  • semantic (facts: ice is cold)
  • episodic (personal experiences)
54
Q

procedural long term memory includes

A
  • stimulus-response behaviours
  • motor skills
55
Q

laying down or consolidation of the memory trace is the transfer from

A

short term memory to long term memory

56
Q

The caudate nucleus is part of the

A

basal ganglia

57
Q

the caudate nucleus is involved in

A

consolidating stimulus to response behaviours and solving sequence tasks

58
Q

amnesia is the

A

the absence of memory

59
Q

retrograde loss of s.t.m

A

loss of memory of events prior to the injury

60
Q

anterograde loss of s.t.m

A

loss of memory of event after the injury

61
Q

complete anterograde amnesia resulting from damage to the hippocampus

A

Korsakoff’s syndrome

62
Q

involves the degeneration of memory-holding neurons, perhaps due to proteins called amyloid precursor proteins that cause excitotoxicity; the neurons are damaged by over-excitation

A

Alzhemer’s disease

63
Q

a concussion is measured by type and duration of

A

amnesia

PHYSL 210 (16 decks)

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