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PHYSL 210 > Special Senses - Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Special Senses - Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

sensory signals are subject to extensive modification before they reach higher levels of the

A

Central nervous system

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2
Q

what part of the brain plays an important rile in the control of afferent information?

A

cortex

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3
Q

every cell in the CNS receives 10,000 to 40,000 synapses from other cells, some of them will be _______ and some of them will be _________

A

excitatory
inhibitory

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4
Q

how do inhibitory inputs affect the response of a projection neuron to a stimulus

A

turns down or lowers the response

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5
Q

T/F inhibition of painful stimulation can vary based on the situation. This is due to cortical control of sensory pathways

A

T

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6
Q

all info from periphery travels to the somatosensory cortex via a

A

projection neuron

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7
Q

the anterolateral system is a pathway that carries what information to where?

A

pain or hot/cold information to the somatosensory cortex

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8
Q

the dorsal column system is a pathway which carries what information to where?

A

fine touch mechanoreception to the somatosensory cortex

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9
Q

***see slides for mechanisms of anterolateral and dorsal systems

A
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10
Q

Both the anterolateral and dorsal column pathways end in the somatosensory cortex on the _______ side of the body

A

contralateral

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11
Q

which pathway crosses immediately and which one crosses at the level of the brainstem

A

anterolateral - immediately
dorsal column - brainstem

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12
Q

all sensory information goes from the ______ to the ____________

A

thalamus
somatosensory cortex

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13
Q

The smaller and more densely packed the sensory receptors are, the ______ the region in the somatosensory cortex that they will occupy

A

larger

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14
Q

photoreceptors in the eye are _____ at rest and _______ when activated

A

depolarized
hyperpolarized

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15
Q

the optical component (front part of the eye) is responsible for:

A

focusing the image on the receptor cells

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16
Q

the neural component (back part of the eye) is responsible for:

A

transforming image into a pattern of graded potentials and AP’s

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17
Q

the white part of the eye

A

sclera

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18
Q

attached to the sclera; responsible for eye movements such as looking up, down or side to side

A

extraocular muscle

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19
Q

where the sclera becomes clear at the very front; responsible for refracting light waves

A

cornea

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20
Q

hole that allows light to pass through into back of the eye

A

pupil

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21
Q

regulates the size of the pupil and the amount of light entering eyeball - colour of eye

A

iris

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22
Q

parasympathetic innervation causes pupils to __________ while sympathetic innervation causes pupils to ___________

A

constrict
dialate

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23
Q

is behind the iris and works the cornea to focus the image on the retina; shape and size can change

A

lens

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24
Q

light passes through it and refracts a certain amount

A

cornea

25
Q

T/F the cornea is mobile and changes it’s shape

A

False - it is static and stays in place

26
Q

attached to the lens and ciliary muscles

A

zonular fibers

27
Q

contact/relax to change the shape of the lens

A

ciliary muscles

28
Q

located behind the lens, against back of the eye and is where photoreceptors are found

A

retina

29
Q

what are the two types of photoreceptors, when are they activated and what type of vision are they responsible for

A

Rods: low light conditions, monochromatic
Cones: more light present, colour vision

30
Q

cells activated by rods and cones; take info to brain

A

retinal ganglion cells

31
Q

leaves through the back of the eyeball towards the thalamus and cortex; made of axons and retinal ganglion cells

A

optical nerve

32
Q

a gelatinous fluid that fills the space b/w the lens and cornea

A

aqueous humour

33
Q

gelatinous fluid found behind lens

A

vitreous humor

34
Q

light waves bend once they hit they

A

cornea

35
Q

the cornea is primarily responsible for __________ and the ________ will change shape to focus the image on the ________ of the eye

A

refraction
lens
retina

36
Q

when an object comes very close to the eyes, what does the ciliary muscle do to focus the image on the back of the retina

A

contracts, causing the lens to get fatter and shorter; increasing the amount of refraction

37
Q

what is accommodation?

A

the process of using ciliary muscles in the lens in order to focus on objects that are very close

38
Q

loss of elasticity of the lens resulting in the inability to accommodate for
near vision; due to the breakdown of the ciliary muscles; age-related

A

Presbyopia

39
Q

what is myopia or nearsightedness?
when does it occur?
what lens corrects it?

A
  • focus on objects up close but not far away
  • occurs when the eyeball is too long and there is too much refraction; visual image is reconstructed at a point in front of the retina
  • concave lens
40
Q

what is hyperopia or farsightedness?
when does it occur?
what lens fixes it?

A
  • see far but not close
  • eyeball is too short; not enough refraction and visual image is reconstructed behind retina
  • convex lens
41
Q

what is astigmatism

A

oblong shape of the eyeball

42
Q

glaucoma is

A

damage to the photoreceptors due to increased intraocular pressure

43
Q

cataracts are

A

clouding of the lens and is age-related

44
Q

what do bipolar cells do

A

take information from the photoreceptors and transfer to the retinal ganglion cells

45
Q

what are disks

A
  • little flaps or layers of membrane in the outer segment of cones
  • site of actual processing of visual information
46
Q

synaptic terminals of cones make contact with

A

bipolar cells

47
Q

what enzyme converts GTP into cyclic GMP

A

guanylyl

48
Q

when no light is present, photoreceptors are relatively

A

depolarized

49
Q

**see document for phototransduction

A
50
Q

the disk of the cones contains a _______ which contains a chromophore called _____

A

photopigment
retinal

51
Q

when light hits the photopigment what happens to the retinal? what molecule does this activate?

A
  • changes conformation
  • cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase
52
Q

cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase is an _____ which breaks down _____

A

enzyme
cGMP

53
Q

the photoreceptor is relatively ______ when light is polarized

A

hyperpolarized

54
Q

Activation of one single cone activates

A

two bipolar cells and two retinal ganglion cells

55
Q

at all times the photoreceptor is giving information via the ________ cell that says:

A

retinal ganglion
yes light is hitting me or no it’s not

56
Q

***see document for ON and OFF pathways

A
57
Q

the OFF bipolar cell is ______ by glutamate and the ON bipolar cell is _______ by glutamate

A

activated
inhibited

58
Q

ON bipolar cell is inhibited by ______ being present

A

glutamate

59
Q

when light is present, the ON pathway is activated due

A

the release of inhibition on the ON bipolar cell by glutamate

PHYSL 210 (16 decks)

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