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AP1 > Special Senses > Flashcards

Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Name general somatic senses

A

1) Touch
2) Proprioception
3) pain
4) temperature

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2
Q

What do mechanosensors sense?

A

Touch and proprioception

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3
Q

What is proprioception?

A

Body position

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4
Q

What do nociceptors sense?

A

Pain

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5
Q

What do thermoreceptors sense?

A

Temperature

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6
Q

How many somatosensory pathways are there?

A

4

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7
Q

Which neuron is closest to where a sensation is being felt?

A

1st order

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8
Q

What does a sensory neuron convert stimuli into?

A

Action potential

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9
Q

Where is cell body of 2nd order neuron located?

A

Spinal cord

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10
Q

Where does second order neuron send signal?

A

Up spinal cord white matter directly to brain stem

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11
Q

Where is the 3rd order neuron located?

A

Thalamus

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12
Q

What is the sensory “train station depot” in the brain?

A

Thalamus

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13
Q

Where is 4th order neuron located?

A

Somatosensory cortex

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14
Q

Where is somatosensory cortex located?

A

Cerebral cortex

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15
Q

What shaped neuron is the 1st order neuron?

A

Pseudo unipolar

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16
Q

Where are dendrites of 1st order neuron?

A

In skin

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17
Q

Where is cell body of 1st order neuron located?

A

Dorsal root ganglia

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18
Q

What is the area of skin that a single neuron is responsible for called?

A

Receptive field

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19
Q

What does a small receptive field yield?

A

High resolution (precision) sensitivity

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20
Q

What areas have the smallest receptive fields in the body?

A

Fingers and tongue

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21
Q

What is determined by frequency of nerve firing?

A

Stimulus strength

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22
Q

What does high frequency of nerve firing yield?

A

Strong stimulus

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23
Q

What is neuron frequency?

A

How many action potentials are fired in one minute

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24
Q

What is a fast on, fast off firing receptor called?

A

Rapid or Fast Adapting

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25
Q

What is another term for fast adapting?

A

Phasic

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26
Q

What is a slow on and slow to turn off receptor?

A

Slow adapting

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27
Q

What is another term for slow adapting?

A

Tonic

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28
Q

Which order neuron is sensory adaptation specific to, typically?

A

1st order

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29
Q

3 somato sensory receptors?

A

1) Mechanoreceptors
2) Thermoreceptors
3) Nociceptors

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30
Q

Name 4 mechanoreceptors

A

1) Meissner Corpuscles
2) Merkel Discs
3) Ruffini Corpuscles
4) Pacinian Corpuscles

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31
Q

What 2 things do mechanoreceptors for touch sense?

A

1) Pressure
2) Deformation of skin

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32
Q

Where is Meissner corpuscle found?

A

Dermis

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33
Q

True or false: Meissner corpuscles are part of the connective tissue of dermis?

A

True

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34
Q

Which mechanosensor is NOT encapsulated?

A

Merkel discs

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35
Q

Where are a lot of Meissner corpuscles found?

A

Finger tips

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36
Q

What does Meissner Corpuscles sense?

A

Vertical indentations on the skin ex: Braille

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37
Q

Is the receptive field of the Meissner Corpuscle large or small?

A

Small

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38
Q

Are Meissner Corpuscles slow or fast adapting?

A

Fast

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39
Q

Where are Merkel discs?

A

Dermis

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40
Q

Do Merkel discs have a small or large receptive field?

A

Small

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41
Q

Are Merkel discs slow or fast adapting?

A

Slow

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42
Q

Where are Ruffini corpuscles?

A

Dermis and joints

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43
Q

What do Ruffini detect?

A

Stretching of skin and rotation of joints

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44
Q

Are Ruffini corp slow or fast adapting?

A

Slow

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45
Q

Does Ruffini have small or big receptive fields?

A

Big

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46
Q

Where are Pacinian corpuscles?

A

Deep dermis near SubCu

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47
Q

Do Pacinian corpuscles have big or small receptive fields?

A

Big

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48
Q

Are Pacinian fast or slow adapting?

A

Fast

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49
Q

What does Pacinian sense?

A

Vibration and movement

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50
Q

Name 3 proprioceptors of mechanoreceptors?

A

1) muscle spindle
2) golgi tendon organs
3) joint receptors

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51
Q

What do muscle spindles detect?

A

Muscle stretch

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52
Q

Where are muscle spindles found?

A

Perimysium (connective tissue)

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53
Q

Where is golgi tendon organ?

A

In tendon near muscle insertion on bone

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54
Q

What does Golgi tendon organ sense?

A

Tendon stretch and muscle force

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55
Q

What do joint receptors sense?

A

Stretch of joint capsule

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56
Q

What are thermoreceptors?

A

Sense temperature

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57
Q

Are thermoreceptors slow or fast adapting?

A

Slow

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58
Q

What is an ion channel that opens when temperature is sensed that triggers an action potential?

A

TRP Channel

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59
Q

What does TRP stand for?

A

Transient Receptor Potential

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60
Q

What temp activates a TRPV channel?

A

90-120F

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61
Q

What temp activates TRP-M8 channel?

A

50-104F

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62
Q

Where are TRP-V located?

A

Deep dermis

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63
Q

Where are TRP-M8?

A

Superficial dermis, close to epidermis

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64
Q

What senses temp below 50 or above 120?

A

Nociceptors (pain)

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65
Q

3 classes of nociceptors

A

1) thermal
2) mechanical
3) polymodal

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66
Q

True or false: pain threshold is the same for everyone?

A

True

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67
Q

True or false: pain tolerance varies person to person

A

True

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68
Q

How much of eye is visible on our body?

A

1/6

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69
Q

What are 3 layers of eye?

A

1) fibrous
2) vascular
3) neural

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70
Q

What are 2 parts of fibrous layer?

A

1) sclera
2) cornea

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71
Q

What part of the eye is tough, fibrous and anchoring?

A

Sclera

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72
Q

What runs through a small opening at the back of the sclera?

A

Optic nerve

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73
Q

What is the transition between the sclera and the cornea called?

A

Corneal limbus

74
Q

What is the transparent, domed-shape portion of the eye?

A

Cornea

75
Q

What is the cornea made of?

A

Stratified squamous epithelial cells

76
Q

What is main function of cornea?

A

Helps to focus light on retina

77
Q

What is the cornea considered “immune privileged”?

A

No blood vessels so no immune cells; makes transplant without rejection possible.

78
Q

What is the vascular layer of the eye called?

A

Uvea

79
Q

What are 4 parts of uvea?

A

1) iris
2) pupil
3) choroid
4) ciliary body

80
Q

What are 2 muscles of the iris?

A

1) sphincter pupillae (circular)
2) dilator pupillae (radial)

81
Q

What is the shape of the lens?

A

Biconvex

82
Q

What does the lens do?

A

Focuses light on retina

83
Q

What does ciliary body do?

A

1) connects to ligaments that hold and shape lens
2) makes fluid between cornea and iris

84
Q

Where is choroid?

A

Behind retina

85
Q

2 functions of choroid

A

1) provide nutrients via blood vessels
2) absorb light

86
Q

What is the innermost layer of the eye?

A

Neural layer

87
Q

Where are rods and cones?

A

Retina

88
Q

What is responsible for night vision?

A

Rods

89
Q

How many rods per eye?

A

120 million

90
Q

What colors do cones “see”?

A

Red, green and blue

91
Q

How many cones per eye?

A

6 million

92
Q

Where are most cones located?

A

In the macula

93
Q

What is the center part of the macula with highest concentration of cones?

A

Fovea

94
Q

Where does optic nerve leave the retina?

A

Optic disc

95
Q

Because the optic disc doesn’t have photo receptors, what is it known as?

A

Optic blind spot

96
Q

What is contained in the anterior chamber of the eye?

A

Cornea and iris

97
Q

Where is the posterior chamber of the eye?

A

Between iris and lens

98
Q

What 2 chambers make up the anterior section of the eye?

A

Anterior and posterior

99
Q

What fluid is in anterior section of the eye?

A

Aqueous humor

100
Q

What fluid is in posterior section of the eye?

A

Vitreous humor

101
Q

What produces aqueous humor?

A

Ciliary epithelium

102
Q

What does aqueous humor do?

A

1) provide nutrients (lens, cornea)
2) structural support

103
Q

Where does aqueous humor flow through out of the eye?

A

Trabecular mesh work (spongey)

104
Q

What circular channel leads aqueous humor from trabecular mesh to aqueous vein?

A

Canal of Schlemm

105
Q

What 2 functions is ear responsible for?

A

Hearing and balance

106
Q

2 parts of outer ear

A

1) Pinna (auricle)
2) ear canal

107
Q

Name 3 ear bones of middle ear

A

1) maleus
2) incus
3) stapes

108
Q

Name 2 parts of inner ear

A

1) cochlea
2) semicircular canals

109
Q

What does cochlea do?

A

Converts sound waves to electrical impulses

110
Q

What do semicircular canals of inner ear do?

A

Help with balance

111
Q

What is auricle (pinna) made of?

A

Cartilage

112
Q

What is a lobule?

A

Ear lobe

113
Q

What is the 1” tube that leads to the tympanic membrane?

A

External acoustic meatus (ear canal)

114
Q

What produces wax in the ear?

A

Ceruminous glands

115
Q

What is another name for tympanic membrane?

A

Ear drum

116
Q

Where is middle ear located in skull?

A

Inside temporal bone

117
Q

What forms the lateral wall of the middle ear?

A

Ear drum

118
Q

What is the posterior wall of middle ear called?

A

Mastoid antrum

119
Q

What is found in the anterior wall of middle ear that leads to nasopharynx?

A

Eustachian tube

120
Q

Name 3 functions of eustachian tybe

A

1) equalizes pressure
2) protects ear from fluid reflux
3) clears mid ear secretions

121
Q

Through what does vibration from stapes to inner ear travel?

A

Oval window

122
Q

What are 2 parts of cochlea?

A

1) bony labyrinth
2) membranous labyrinth

123
Q

What is bony labyrinth of cochlea filled with?

A

Perilymph

124
Q

What is membranous labyrinth of cochlea filled with?

A

Endolymph

125
Q

Is cochlea at the front or back of the head?

A

Front

126
Q

What is cochlea responsible for?

A

Hearing

127
Q

Where are semicircular canals found, front or back?

A

Back

128
Q

What are semicircular canals for?

A

Balance

129
Q

What connects the middle ear to the inner ear through the oval window?

A

Scala vestibula

130
Q

What converts vibration to electrical impulse in the cochlea?

A

Organ of Corti

131
Q

Where is Organ of Corti found?

A

Cochlear duct

132
Q

What is considered the “mastermind of hearing”?

A

Organ of Corti

133
Q

What are hearing receptors in Organ of Corti called?

A

Hair cells

134
Q

What connects the middle ear to the inner ear through the round window?

A

Scala tympani

135
Q

What CN receives electrical impulse?

A

CN 8

136
Q

What are 2 parts of vestibular apparatus (inner ear)

A

1) semicircular canals
2) utricle and saccule

137
Q

What contain fluid and balance receptors in their macula?

A

Utricle and Saccula

138
Q

What is gustation?

A

Taste

139
Q

What does the intrinsic muscle of the tongue do?

A

Helps tongue change shape

140
Q

What does the extrinsic muscle of the tongue do?

A

Attaches and guides movement

141
Q

What is the V-shaped groove across the rear of the tongue?

A

Sulcus terminalus

142
Q

What does sulcus terminalus divide on the tongue?

A

Front 2/3 from back 1/3

143
Q

What are bumps of lymphatic tissue on back of tongue?

A

Lingual papillae

144
Q

What do lingual papillae do?

A

Fight pathogens with B & T cells

145
Q

What give rough texture and helps food stick to tongue?

A

Anterior papillae

146
Q

What is the most numerous type of papillae?

A

Filiform

147
Q

What is the threadlike papillae that cover the anterior 2/3 of tongue?

A

Filiform

148
Q

What are Filiform papillae for?

A

Touch (not taste)

149
Q

Where are fungiform papillae found?

A

Tip if tongue

150
Q

Where are foliate papillae found?

A

Sides of tongue

151
Q

What are the large, round papillae found just in front of sulcus terminalis?

A

Circumvallate

152
Q

What are the epithelial cells in taste buds?

A

Taste receptor cells

153
Q

True/False: taste receptor cells can be found from the soft palate to the upper esophagus

A

True

154
Q

How often are taste receptor cells replaced by basal layer of taste buds?

A

Every 2 weeks

155
Q

Taste receptor cells are chemoreceptors that respond to what?

A

Tastants

156
Q

What sticks out through taste pore on taste receptor and contacts tastants?

A

Gustatory hair

157
Q

Cells bodies in the front of the tongue have axons that transfer taste to brain via which CN?

A

Facial nerve

158
Q

Cells bodies in the back of the tongue and oral cavity have axons that transfer taste to brain via which CN?

A

Glossopharyngeal

159
Q

Cells bodies in the back of throat and esophagus have axons that transfer taste to brain via which CN?

A

Vagus

160
Q

What are 5 tastes?

A

Sweet
Salt
Sour
Bitter
Umami

161
Q

What taste sweet/umami

A

Fungiform (tip of tongue)

162
Q

What taste salt/sour?

A

Foliate (side)

163
Q

What taste bitter?

A

Circumvallate (back)

164
Q

How are salt/sour neurotransmitters released?

A

Depolarization

165
Q

How are sweet/bitter/umami neurotransmitters released?

A

G-protein coupled pathway

166
Q

4 factors that affect taste

A

1) hunger
2) adaptation
3) smell
4) age

167
Q

What tastes are you more sensitive to when you’re hungry?

A

Sweet and salt

168
Q

What is olfaction?

A

Smell

169
Q

What 4 areas make up nasal cavity?

A

1) vestibule
2) respiratory region
3) olfactory region
4) lamina propria

170
Q

What is the shell-like bony part of respiratory region called?

A

Conchae (superior, middle, inferior)

171
Q

What does mucus in respiratory region do?

A

Trap pathogens
Moisten air

172
Q

What is olfactory region lined with?

A

Olfactory epithelium

173
Q

What does olfactory epithelium contain?

A

Olfactory receptor cells

174
Q

What shaped cell supports olfactory receptor cells?

A

Columnar

175
Q

What type of neurons do olfactory receptor cells have?

A

Bipolar

176
Q

What does the cilia use to grab odorants?

A

G-protein receptors

177
Q

How many different odors can we smell?

A

10,000+

178
Q

How many different type of smell receptor proteins?

A

1000+

179
Q

What are 2nd order neurons of olfactory bulb called?

A

Mitral cells

180
Q

Which side of the olfactory tract is responsible for smell triggering emotion/memory?

A

Lateral

181
Q

How quickly can adaptation of smell occur?

A

< 1 minute

182
Q

What kind of cells are the gustatory hairs?

A

Epithelial

AP1 (9 decks)

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