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AP1 > Foundations > Flashcards

Foundations Flashcards

1
Q

What is the smallest living unit in the body?

A

Cell

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2
Q

What are the 5 vital functions of the body?

A

1) Respiration
2) digestion
3) metabolism
4) elimination
5) reproduction

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3
Q

How many elements are there?

A

92

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4
Q

Name 4 most abundant elements in the body

A

1) Oxygen
2) Carbon
3) hydrogen
4) Nitrogen

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5
Q

What % is Oxygen?

A

65%

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6
Q

How much % is Carbon

A

18%

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7
Q

What does the # of protons determine?

A

Atomic #

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8
Q

True/False: Atoms have equal number of protons and electrons

A

True

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9
Q

of Protons + # of Neutrons =?

A

Atomic weight

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10
Q

How many electrons are in each shell?

A

1st = 2
2nd+ = 8

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11
Q

What is the outer-most electron shell called?

A

Valence shell

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12
Q

What makes an atom most stable?

A

When 8 electrons in valence shell

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13
Q

What is it called when one atom donates an electron to another atom to fill its valence shell?

A

Ionic bond

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14
Q

What happens to donor of an electron?

A

Becomes + (cation)

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15
Q

What happens to receiver of an electron?

A

Becomes - (anion)

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16
Q

What is it called when 2 atoms share 2 electrons?

A

Double covalent bond

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17
Q

What is it called when a pair of atoms share 1 electron?

A

Single covalent bond

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18
Q

What is a polar bond?

A

When one atom hogs an electron in a covalent bond

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19
Q

What is a non polar bond?

A

When 2 atoms share electron evenly

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20
Q

What is it called when 2 smaller molecules make a larger molecule?

A

Synthesis

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21
Q

What is it called when bonds of a larger molecule are broken and makes 2 smaller molecules?

A

Decomposition

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22
Q

What is it called when bonds of a molecule are broken and rearranged to form new molecule?

A

Exchange

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23
Q

What is an organic compound?

A

Contain Carbon + hydrogen

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24
Q

What is inorganic compound?

A

Do not contain both C and H

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25
Q

How much of our bodies are water?

A

60%

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26
Q

What donates H+ ions to a solution?

A

Acids

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27
Q

What accepts H+ ions in a solution?

A

Bases

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28
Q

What donates OH- in a solution?

A

Bases

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29
Q

What is pH of blood?

A

7.4

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30
Q

pH scale is measured in powers of what?

A

10

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31
Q

What are the special bonds between water molecules?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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32
Q

What level of protein structure involves a specific pattern of folding?

A

Tertiary

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33
Q

What is the Calcium-Sodium exchanger an example of?

A

Secondary active transport

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34
Q

How many nucleotides on a strand of RNA is used to code a single amino acid?

A

3

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35
Q

Glandular tissue is a special form of what?

A

Epithelial tissue

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36
Q

What molecules can pass easily across the plasma membrane?

A

Nonpolar
Lipid soluble
Hydrophobic

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37
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

When a weakly + H atom that is already bonded to a - atom gets attracted to another electro - atom from another molecule.

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38
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins that facilitate chemical reactions

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39
Q

What is study of cell structure called?

A

Cytology

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40
Q

What is study of tissue structure?

41
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Dynamic steady state

42
Q

What does water do in the body?

A

1) regulates temperature
2) cushions
3) moves digestion
4) dissolves minerals
5) carries nutrients to cells
6) lubricates joints

43
Q

What is a universal solvent?

44
Q

What are qualities of water?

A

1) high heat capacity
2) high surface tension
3) low viscosity
4) medium for chemical reactions

45
Q

What forms when a cation and an anion bond?

46
Q

Carbs that need to be broken down

A

Polysaccharides and disaccharides

47
Q

5 monosaccharides

A

1) glucose
2) fructose
3) galactose
4) deoxyribose
5) ribose

48
Q

3 disaccharides

A

1) sucrose
2) lactose
3) maltose

49
Q

What is fructose + glucose

50
Q

What is galactose + glucose

51
Q

What is glucose + glucose?

52
Q

3 polysaccharides

A

1) starch (complex carbs)
2) glycogen (glucose stores)
3) cellulose (fiber)

53
Q

What is another name for a neutral fat?

A

Triglycerides

54
Q

What makes up a triglyceride?

A

Glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains

55
Q

Fat made of long carbon chain with all C spots are occupied by H (straight)?

A

Saturated fat

56
Q

Fat made of long carbon chain where C spots aren’t all occupied by H (kinked)?

A

Unsaturated fat

57
Q

2 Fatty acid + glycerol + phosphate

A

Phospholipid

58
Q

Quality of phospholipid

A

1 end is polar (interacts with water)
1 end is nonpolar

59
Q

Rigid, ring-shaped fats that are bases for hormones

A

Sterols (cholesterol)

60
Q

Phospholipids in a cell membrane

A

Prostaglandin

61
Q

What determines a protein function?

A

Structure/shape

62
Q

How many amino acids?

63
Q

What is primary protein structure?

A

Amino acid; linear

64
Q

What is secondary protein structure?

A

Aminos form heli or pleats

65
Q

What is tertiary protein structure?

A

Groups fold

66
Q

Quarternary protein structure?

A

Covalent bonds bind the tertiary folds to make protein

67
Q

Structural bases for DNA and RNA

A

Pyramidines (C,T,U)
Purines (A, G)
CG (dna)
AT (dna)
AU (rna)

68
Q

What is main source of stored energy in the body

69
Q

What is covered in ribosomes and processes RNA to make proteins?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

70
Q

What does smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

Produces proteins for specialized purposes

71
Q

What are 2 organelles that are important for intercellular digestion?

A

Lysosome
Peroxisome

72
Q

What forms cyto skeleton?

A

Microtubules and microfilaments (also help with splitting of cell for reproduction)

73
Q

What are chomatains

A

Bundles of chromosomes that form DNA

74
Q

What is the envelope that encompasses the nucleus?

A

Nuclear envelope

75
Q

Where does the RNA pass through from nucleus to rough endo reticulum?

A

Nuclear pore

76
Q

What is fluid part of blood?

77
Q

How much of body weight is plasma?

78
Q

What is Interstitial fluid?

A

Fluid between cell and blood vessel

79
Q

How much of body weight is interstitial fluid?

80
Q

Intercellular fluid is ??

A

Fluid inside of cell

81
Q

How much of body weight is ICF

82
Q

What makes up extracellular fluid?

A

Interstitial fluid + plasma

83
Q

What substances are high OUTSIDE the cell?

A

Na
Ca
Cl
Bicarbonate

84
Q

What substances are high INSIDE cells?

A

K
Mg
Proteins

85
Q

Structure of plasma membrane

A

1) structural lipids
2) proteins
3) some carbs (identity markers)

86
Q

2 types of transport thru membrane

A

Active
Passive

87
Q

What channel does H2O pass thru in the cell membrane?

A

Aquaporins

88
Q

What is movement from high concentration to low concentration?

A

Simple diffusion

89
Q

Transport that binds to a carrier protein that flips and particle falls out

A

Facilitated diffusion

90
Q

What does Active Transport require?

A

Energy to transport (roll stone uphill)

91
Q

2 examples of Primary Active Transport

A

1) ATPase pumps (Na/K)
2) Vesicular transport

92
Q

ISOtonic is

A

Equal inside and outside

93
Q

Hypotonic

A

Cell swells

94
Q

Hypertonic

A

Cell shrinks

95
Q

Osmolarity is..

A

Number of particles in a solution

96
Q

Ca/Na active transport type?

97
Q

Transporter harnesses energy by letting a sodium molecule and amino acids into the cell via

A

Symporters or cotransporters

98
Q

When Calcium goes out of cell in exchange for sodium

A

Antiporter or exchanger

AP1 (9 decks)

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