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AP1 > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the male reproductive system?

A

1) make and deliver sperm
2) produce hormone

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2
Q

Where is sperm made?

A

Testes

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3
Q

What makes up the testes?

A

Coiled seminiferous tubules

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4
Q

Where does sperm formation begin?

A

In the walls of the seminiferous tubules

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5
Q

What do leydig cells produce?

A

Testosterone

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6
Q

What is the first cell form of sperm called?

A

Spermatogonium

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7
Q

Where are gametes made in females?

A

Ovaries

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8
Q

Where are male gametes made

A

Testes

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9
Q

What is a gamete?

A

A mature haploid male or female germ cell

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10
Q

Where is sperm matured and stored?

A

Epididymus

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11
Q

What is the duct that conveys sperm from the epididymus, through prostate and to the urethra

A

Vas deferens

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12
Q

What is the prostate?

A

Gland beneath bladder that connects vas deferens to urethra

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13
Q

Is seminal fluid made from prostate alkaline or acidic?

A

Alkaline

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14
Q

Where is seminal vesicles found?

A

Behind prostate

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15
Q

What does fluid from seminal vesicles contain?

A

Sucrose and fructose for energy

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16
Q

What is average sperm density of semen?

A

30-50 million/ml

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17
Q

What is considered an infertile sperm count?

A

Less than 20 million/ml

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18
Q

What is the production of sperm called

A

Spermatogenesis

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19
Q

When does sperm production begin?

A

At puberty

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20
Q

How many chromosomes does a spermatogonium have?

A

46

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21
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Doubling of a cell with an exact copy

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22
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Parent cell makes 2 daughter cells with 1/2 chromosomes in each

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23
Q

Is a primary spermatocyte diploid or haploid?

A

Diploid

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24
Q

Is secondary spermatocyte diploid or haploid?

A

Haploid

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25
Q

What do Sertoli cells do?

A

1) make fluid to move immature sperm to epididymus
2) feed spermatoctyes
3) eat cell material
4) make andro binding proteins to store testosterone

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26
Q

What do secondary spermatocytes become?

A

Haploid spermatids

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27
Q

What do spermatids become?

A

Immature spermatozoa

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28
Q

What do cytoplasmic bridges do?

A

Allow movement of protein between haploid cells; assists weaker Y cells

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29
Q

What % of seminal fluid is made by prostate?

A

30%

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30
Q

In males, what is formed when cytoplasmic bridge between haploids breaks and cells shed most of their material?

A

Spermatozoa

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31
Q

Three parts of a sperm

A

1) head
2) mid piece
3) tail

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32
Q

What is contained in the head of a sperm?

A

Nucleus

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33
Q

What covers head of sperm and is below the membrane?

A

Acrosome

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34
Q

What does the acrosome contain?

A

Digestive enzymes

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35
Q

What do the digestive enzymes of the acrosome do during fertilization?

A

Eat away the protective layer of the ovum

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36
Q

What is the shedding of the acrosome called?

A

Capacitation

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37
Q

What is in the mid piece of the sperm?

A

Mitochondria

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38
Q

What do mitochondria do in the sperm?

A

Supply energy for mobility

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39
Q

What is the tail of the sperm made of?

A

Microtubules

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40
Q

What is released by hypothalamus to make FSH/LH

A

GnRH

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41
Q

What does FSH in males do?

A

Makes Sertoli cells in testes

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42
Q

What do Sertoli cells make that provides a negative feedback to control FSH levels?

A

Inhibin

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43
Q

What does LH make in males?

A

Leydig cells

44
Q

What do leydig cells produce?

A

Testosterone needed to make sperm

45
Q

In males, Negative feedback to pituitary and hypothalamus from leydig cells controls production of what?

A

LH in pituitary and GnRH in hypothalamus

46
Q

When do gametes in women form?

A

Before birth

47
Q

When do gametes in females stop forming?

A

Around month 5 in utero

48
Q

How many gametes does an average female have when formation of gametes stops?

A

6-7 million

49
Q

What are the gametes in females called in first phase?

A

Primary oocyte

50
Q

As a few primary oocytes start to mature each month, what are they called?

51
Q

What layers of cells surround the oocyte in a follicle?

A

Granulosa cells

52
Q

What is the gel like substance (soft shell) that surrounds oocyte in follicle?

A

Zona pellucida

53
Q

What is the accumulation of fluid between granulosa layers in a follicle?

54
Q

How many follicles will develop antrum between granulosa layers?

A

Usually only 1

55
Q

What do the outer cells of the granulosa cells become?

A

Thecal cells

56
Q

What do thecal cells produce?

57
Q

What determines which follicle will be released and shuts down the others?

A

Thecal cells release estrogen

58
Q

How big is an immature follicle?

A

40 microns

59
Q

How big is a mature follicle?

60
Q

What is erectile tissue in the penis filled with?

A

Blood vessels

61
Q

What helps to moisten the urethra to carry semen out?

A

Bulbo urethral gland

62
Q

How much semen in average ejaculate?

63
Q

What are the primary sexual functions of females?

A

1) make/store ova
2) support growth of fetus
3) birth
4) feed

64
Q

What is all external genitalia in females called?

65
Q

What is the internal canal in females?

A

Vagina (not vulva)

66
Q

What is the opening to the uterus?

67
Q

How big is a typical uterus (not during pregnancy)?

A

Size of a fist

68
Q

Where does a mature ova travel to get to uterus?

A

Fallopian tube (ova duct)

69
Q

What are the finger-like projections at the ends of the ova ducts?

70
Q

What is the soft tissue inner wall of the uterus?

A

Endometrium

71
Q

What is the muscular layer of the uterus?

A

Myometrium

72
Q

What is the female “stem cell” called?

73
Q

What process does oogonium go through to make oocytes?

74
Q

How many chromosomes in a primary oocyte prior to ovulation?

75
Q

What does primary oocyte become during ovulation?

A

Secondary oocyte

76
Q

How many chromosomes in secondary oocyte?

77
Q

What do the other 23 chromosomes of the primary oocyte become once ovulation occurs?

A

1st polar body

78
Q

What happens if secondary oocyte is fertilized?

A

Meiosis 2 occurs and results in a 2nd polar body and a fertilized egg (zygote)

79
Q

Is FSH high or low at the beginning of menstrual cycle?

80
Q

Around when does estrogen begin to increase during cycle?

81
Q

What happens to FSH when estrogen rises on Day 6-8 of cycle?

82
Q

As estrogen rises and FSH falls, what does that do to LH?

A

Causes LH to rise via positive feedback (both estro and LH cause each other to rise)

83
Q

What is height of LH production called?

84
Q

What happens during LH surge?

A

Ovulation is triggered

85
Q

What happens to estrogen after ovulation?

A

Levels fall

86
Q

What does the leftover follicle material become after ovulation?

A

Corpus luteum

87
Q

What does corpus luteum produce?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

88
Q

If no fertilization occurs, what happens to corpus luteum?

A

Degenerates and dies

89
Q

What is the corona radiata?

A

Released egg

90
Q

What happens if corpus luteum dies?

A

Estrogen and progesterone decrease and a new cycle begins

91
Q

What hormone is produced if fertilization occurs?

92
Q

What is the purpose of HCG?

A

Keeps corpus luteum alive until placenta develops

93
Q

What kind of feedback does estrogen have with hypothalamus and pituitary up until ovulation?

94
Q

LH surge causes an influx of what into oocyte?

95
Q

What does the influx of calcium in oocyte cause?

A

1st meiotic division

96
Q

What is produced that helps rupture ovarian surface to release egg?

A

Prostaglandins

97
Q

True/False:
When estrogen falls after ovulation, positive feedback loop is stopped and goes back to negative feedback

98
Q

What causes the thickening of the endometrial lining?

99
Q

What happens to thickening of endometrial lining after ovulation?

100
Q

When endometrial lining production slows after ovulation, what happens to it?

A

Fills with fluid and blood

101
Q

What is the thin mucus produced by the cervix during ovulation?

102
Q

What is thick mucus made by cervix during the luteal phase?

103
Q

How do oral contraceptives work?

A

They prohibit estrogen spike suppress ovulation

104
Q

How do progesterone only contraceptives work?

A

Suppress ~ 50% of ovulation but mainly block sperm by thickening mucus

105
Q

What cells are affected by LH during ovulation?

A

Thecal cells

AP1 (9 decks)

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