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AP1 > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

what can too much melanin prevent the production of?

A

Vitamin D

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2
Q

what is the hypodermis made of?

A

loose, areolar connective, tissue and fat

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3
Q

what shape are cells in granulosum?

A

flat

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4
Q

what surrounds the hair’s medulla?

A

cortex

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5
Q

what are merocrine glands?

A

same as eccrine

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6
Q

what layer of the dermis contains a mesh of collagen and elastin fibers?

A

papillary layer

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7
Q

how much of our body’s vitamin D requirement comes from UV exposure to the skin?

A

80%

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8
Q

What part of skin provides strength, absorbs friction and is only found on palms of hands and soles of feet?

A

stratum lucidum

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9
Q

what is nail body made of?

A

densely packed, dead keratinocytes

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10
Q

what are the accessory structures of the integumentary system?

A

1) hair
2) nails
3) glands

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11
Q

what does chemotherapy kill in the hair?

A

matrix

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12
Q

what sweat gland excretes dermicidin?

A

eccrine

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13
Q

What extends from epidermis and encloses hair root; more keratinous in upper region?

A

external root sheath

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14
Q

true or false: hair that is external to the skin is dead

A

true

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15
Q

what kind of tissue is epidermis made of?

A

closely packed, epithelial cells

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16
Q

True or false: stratum, corneum cells are constantly shed and replaced

A

True

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17
Q

Gland usually associated with hair follicle

A

apocrine

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18
Q

where are sebaceous glands found?

A

All over the body

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19
Q

what is the cortex made of?

A

compressed keratinized cells

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20
Q

What connects skin and fascia; insulates and stores energy as fat; and cushions

A

hypodermis

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21
Q

what layer of skin is also known as the “core“?

A

dermis

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22
Q

what are functions if nails?

A

1) protect tips of fingers and toes (areas that experience max mechanical stress)
2) support in picking up small objects

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23
Q

what type of cells are in stratum basale?

A

cuboidal epithelial

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24
Q

what is hair follicle made of?

A

3 concentric layers of cells

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25
Q

how thick is stratum spinosum?

A

varies in thickness; creates an even upper surface.

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26
Q

where are apocrine sweat glands usually found?

A

deep dermis of underarms and pubic region

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27
Q

type of tissue in dermis

A

dense, irregular connective tissue

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28
Q

Type of glands that are:
1) coiled
2) all over skin surface
3) abundant in palms, soles and forehead

A

Eccrine glands

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29
Q

what is the top layer of the dermis?

A

papillary layer

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30
Q

where do accessory structures start in embryos?

A

in the epidermis

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31
Q

what is the Integumentary System?

A

skin and support structures

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32
Q

what do the internal & external root sheaths provide?

A

1) thickness 2) strength

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33
Q

what % of folate can be reduced in 60 minutes if exposed to UV?

A

30-50%

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34
Q

what kind of tissue is the papillary dermis made of?

A

loose, areolar connective tissue

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35
Q

what does melanin do?

A

1) protects cell dna from UV 2) prevents breakdown of folic acid

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36
Q

what are the functions of the skin?

A

1) protect against environment 2) prevent water loss 3) prevent abrasion 4) deter microbes 5) provide sensation 6) temperature regulation

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37
Q

2 types of sweat glands

A

1) eccrine 2) apocrine

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38
Q

what does Meissner corpuscle sense?

A

1) light touch 2) low frequency vibration

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39
Q

thick, clear connective tissue covering hair root and connecting it to dermis

A

glassy membrane

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40
Q

what is the layer of miotically active basal cells in the hair bulb called?

A

hair matrix

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41
Q

what surrounds hair papilla to give hair color?

A

melanin

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42
Q

what is stratum corneum made of?

A

dead keratinized cells

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43
Q

thickness of epidermis

A

thin = 50-150 microns;
thick = 400-1400 microns

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44
Q

how many layers does stratum corneum have?

A

15-20

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45
Q

what do melanocytes do?

A

make pigment

46
Q

what do sebaceous glands secrete?

A

sebum or oil

47
Q

what do immune cells in the skin do?

A

engulf bacteria or pathogens

48
Q

what are sudoriferous glands?

A

sweat glands

49
Q

what can too much melanin prevent the production of?

A

vitamin D

50
Q

antibiotic peptide secreted by sweat gland

A

Dermcidin

51
Q

what is the surface area of skin?

A

1.5-2.0 square meters

52
Q

where do you find a lot of Merkel cells?

A

hands and feet

53
Q

what does the hair papilla contain?

A

capillaries and nerve endings

54
Q

layers of epidermis

A

1) stratum basale 2) stratum spinosum 3) stratum granulosum 4) stratum lucidum (palms/soles only) 5) stratum corneum

55
Q

what layer of skin contains fibroblasts?

A

dermis

56
Q

what tissue in hypodermis or subcutaneous layer

A

loose connective tissue and fat

57
Q

what color is stratum lucidum?

A

clear

58
Q

what is prime function of eccrine glands?

A

thermoregulation

59
Q

To secrete through a duct w/o affecting the cells of the gland

A

what is exocytosis

60
Q

what layer prevents water loss? how?

A

granulosum; by a lipid film that covers each cell

61
Q

which layer of the dermis contains exocrine and sebaceous glands

A

reticular

62
Q

what layer of skin provides cells to the nail root matrix?

A

stratum basale

63
Q

what are keratinocytes?

A

stem cells that product keratin

64
Q

what chemical in the skin is converted to vitamin D3 when exposed to UV?

A

7-dehydrocholesterol

65
Q

what structure does the hair bulb surround?

A

hair papilla

66
Q

what are the two types of melanin?

A

1) Eumelanin (black/brown) 2) pheomelanin (red)

67
Q

what type of cells are in the internal root sheath?

A

basal cells that surround the root

68
Q

what are two sensory receptors?

A

1) Meissner corpuscle
2) pacinian corpuscle

69
Q

how did pheomelanin occur?

A

Gene mutation

70
Q

what structures are found in the dermis?

A

1) blood 2) lymph 3) hair 4) nerves 5) mast cells 6) macrophages 7) sweat and oil glands

71
Q

what kind of skin cells are in the hair bulb?

A

basal cells

72
Q

what are functions of hair?

A

1) protection from UV/dust 2) provide sensory input 3) thermoregulation 4) communication to outside world

73
Q

what type of tissue is the reticular dermis made of

A

dense, irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastin

74
Q

what layer covers the hair cortex?

A

cuticle

75
Q

what does Pacinian corpuscle sense?

A

1) high frequency vibration 2) pressure

76
Q

what does basal layer attach to?

A

basement membrane/dermis

77
Q

what sense are Merkel cells involved in?

A

Touch

78
Q

what is nail body made of?

A

densely packed dead keratinocytes

79
Q

what are apocrine glands controlled by?

A

nerves and hormones

80
Q

what is purpose of sebum?

A

1) lubricate stratum corneum 2) prevent water loss in low humidity 3) has antibacterial properties

81
Q

what does apocrine sweat contain?

A

1) water 2) salts 3) organic compounds that thicken sweat and cause odor

82
Q

what glands play a part in pheromones?

A

apocrine

83
Q

what is a melanosome?

A

A cellular vesicle that distributes melanin into keratinocytes and throughout skin

84
Q

what layers of skin contain keratinocytes?

A

basal and spinosum

85
Q

what type of melanin was the original?

A

eumelanin

86
Q

when is keratinization of hair complete?

A

when cells push through the skin surface

87
Q

typically, how much of body weight is skin?

A

16%

88
Q

what is hair cuticle made of

A

very hard, keratinized cells

89
Q

what is the hair’s medulla?

A

innermost section of hair shaft; “marrow”

90
Q

how many layers are in granulosum?

A

3-5

91
Q

what layer of the dermis contains a mesh of collagen and elastin fibers?

A

papillary layer

92
Q

what shape are cells in granulosum?

A

flat

93
Q

what layer of the dermis contains the hair shaft?

A

papillary

94
Q

what type of sweat does eccrine glands produce?

A

hypotonic (more water than solutes)

95
Q

what is stratum lucidum made of?

A

densely packed keratin

96
Q

where does hair growth start?

A

basal cells of the bulb

97
Q

what typically stimulates sebaceous gland activity?

A

hormones after puberty

98
Q

what is the innermost layer of the hair follicle?

A

internal root sheath

99
Q

what does “cyte” mean?

A

Cell

100
Q

what do supra nuclear caps made by melanin do?

A

protect the nucleus from UV to prevent dna mutation

101
Q

what are the layers of the dermis?

A

1) papillary 2) reticular

102
Q

what are the immune cells in the stratum Spinosum?

A

epidermal dendritic cells aka: langerhans cells

103
Q

what is the largest organ of the body?

A

Skin

104
Q

are apocrine glands larger or smaller than eccrine glands?

A

Larger

105
Q

what is the eponychium

A

cuticle

106
Q

what part of the hair determines texture (straight/curly)?

A

Cortex

107
Q

what is nail root?

A

where nail body forms

108
Q

how many layers in the dermis

A

Two

109
Q

Where does mitosis occur?

A

1) stratum basale 2) stratum spinosum

110
Q

name layers of skin

A

1) epidermis 2) dermis hypodermis or subcutaneous is not really skin but supports

111
Q

what do mast cells do?

A

create histamine

112
Q

what is the hyponychium

A

free edge of nail

AP1 (9 decks)

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