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AP1 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Where does endocrine glade release hormones?

A

Directly into blood stream

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2
Q

What is a hormone?

A

Chemical messenger

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3
Q

What endocrine system is part of the CNS?

A

Central endocrine

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4
Q

Where is central endocrine system mostly located?

A

Brain

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5
Q

Name 3 main central endocrine glands in the brain

A

1) hypothalamus
2) pineal
3) pituitary

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6
Q

What does the pineal gland release?

A

Melatonin

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7
Q

What is the the peripheral endocrine system?

A

Any gland outside of the CNS

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of structures in the peripheral endocrine system?

A

1) dedicated
2) mixed function

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9
Q

What are 3 dedicated structures of peripheral endo system?

A

1) thyroid
2) parathyroid
3) adrenal glands

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10
Q

What does the thyroid control mostly?

A

Metabolism

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11
Q

What does the parathyroid do?

A

Controls calcium

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12
Q

What are the 2 parts of the adrenal gland?

A

1) medulla
3) cortex

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13
Q

What does the adrenal medulla produce?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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14
Q

What does the adrenal cortex produce?

A

Steroid hormones

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15
Q

What is an example of a mixed function peripheral endo structure?

A

Kidneys

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16
Q

What hormones does the kidney make?

A

EPO, renin and calcitriol

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17
Q

What does EPO do?

A

Helps make red blood cells in bone marrow

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18
Q

What does renin do?

A

Regulates blood pressure by maintaining Na and K in blood

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19
Q

What does calcitriol do?

A

Regulates calcium and phosphorus in body

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20
Q

True/false: hormones have a similar function in the body to taking a drug?

A

True

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21
Q

What is the relationship between a hormone and a receptor called?

A

An effect

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22
Q

Through what 3 ways can hormones cause a response?

A

1) ion channels
2) 2nd messenger system
3) gene activation

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23
Q

True/false: the same hormone can bind to multiple receptors and cause opposing reactions?

A

True

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24
Q

What happens when a hormone opens or closes an ion channel?

A

Depolarization or hyper polarization

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25
Q

What happens when a hormone acts through a 2nd messenger?

A

It alters an enzyme

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26
Q

What type of response is it when insulin increases enzyme activity to turn glucose into fat?

A

2nd messenger

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27
Q

What happens when a hormone activates specific genes?

A

A new protein is formed

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28
Q

Steroid hormones causing growth in puberty is an example of what type of hormone response?

A

Gene activation

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29
Q

Name 3 types of hormones

A

1) peptide
2) amino acid derived
3) steroid

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30
Q

What type of solubility are peptide hormones?

A

Water soluble

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31
Q

What are 2 types of peptide hormones?

A

1) short chain
2) long chain

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32
Q

Are long chain peptide hormones longer or shorter than average protein chains?

A

Shorter

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33
Q

What amino acid derived hormone is not water soluble?

A

Thyroid hormone

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34
Q

What are steroid hormones derived from?

A

Cholesterol

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35
Q

Are steroid hormones water or lipid soluble?

A

Lipid soluble

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36
Q

Where do water soluble hormones get stored?

A

In vesicles

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37
Q

Why do we not store many lipid soluble hormones?

A

Because they won’t stay in vesicles

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38
Q

Are lipid soluble hormones stored or made on demand?

A

Made on demand

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39
Q

How are hydrophilic/water soluble hormones transported?

A

Freely in the blood

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40
Q

How are lipid soluble/hydrophobic hormones transported?

A

By binding to a transporter protein

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41
Q

How does a water soluble hormone enter the cell?

A

Must bind to receptor on membrane

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42
Q

Which type of hormone is capable of affecting gene expression?

A

Lipid soluble

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43
Q

True/false: same hormone can affect 2 different receptors and produce different effects?

A

True

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44
Q

What are catecholamines derived from?

A

Tyrosine

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45
Q

What are examples of catecholamines?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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46
Q

What is thyroid hormone derived from?

A

Amino acid: thyronine

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47
Q

Which is the the active form of thyroid hormone?

A

T3

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48
Q

What does T4 have to do before it came become active?

A

Lose an iodine atom

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49
Q

How does T4 lose an iodine atom?

A

It is removed by liver or at the target cell

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50
Q

Do iodine atoms on thyroid hormone make the molecule polar or non-polar?

A

Non-polar (fat soluble)

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51
Q

Can thyroid hormone cross the cell membrane and affect genes?

A

Yes

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52
Q

Do the genes that thyroid hormones bind to code for proteins that consume a little or a lot of energy?

A

A lot of energy

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53
Q

What are thyroid hormones important for?

A

Metabolic rate

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54
Q

What are testosterone and estrogen examples of?

A

Steroid hormones

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55
Q

What are steroid hormones made from?

A

Cholesterol

56
Q

Where do we get cholesterol?

A

Diet or liver

57
Q

What is a package for of cholesterol?

A

Low density lipoprotein (LDL)

58
Q

When LDL is broken down, what does cholesterol first get converted to before it becomes steroid hormone?

A

Pregnanalone

59
Q

What does pregnanalone get converted to?

A

Steroid hormone

60
Q

What is required at each step for cholesterol to become a steroid hormone?

A

Enzymes

61
Q

What is hierarchical hormone control?

A

One hormone controls all other hormones

62
Q

How are hierarchical hormones regulated?

A

Negative feedback loop

63
Q

In hierarchical hormone control, what is typically endocrine gland #1?

A

Hypothalamus

64
Q

In hierarchical hormone control, what is typically endocrine gland #2?

A

Pituitary

65
Q

What portion of pituitary makes it an endo gland?

A

Anterior pituitary

66
Q

What is posterior pituitary gland considered an extension of?

A

Hypothalamus

67
Q

What is posterior pituitary connected to hypothalamus by?

A

Connecting stalk

68
Q

What are 2 hormones released at posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin and vasopressin

69
Q

What are examples of Endo #3 in the hierarchical hormones chain?

A

Ovaries/testes
Thyroid
Adrenal cortex
Mammary glands

70
Q

What in the hypothalamus releases hormones?

A

Neuronal cells

71
Q

What does GnRH from hypothalamus produce via anterior pituitary?

A

FSH/LH

72
Q

What does FSH make?

A

Gametes (ova/sperm)

73
Q

What does LH make?

A

Sex hormones

74
Q

What does CRH produce in anterior pituitary?

A

ACTH

75
Q

What does ACTH control?

A

Adrenal cortex; creates cortisol

76
Q

What does TRH produce in anterior pituitary?

A

TSH

77
Q

What does TSH affect?

A

Thyroid

78
Q

What is produced in thyroid?

A

T3 and T4

79
Q

What does PRH from hypothalamus stimulate in anterior pituitary?

A

Prolactin

80
Q

What does prolactin do in mammary glands?

A

Produces milk

81
Q

When is prolactin at its highest level?

A

At the time of giving birth

82
Q

What does the hypothalamus release that inhibits milk production in mammary glands?

A

Dopamine (PIH)

83
Q

What is released by hypothalamus that stimulates growth hormone (GH) in anterior pituitary?

A

GHRH

84
Q

What does somatostatin released from hypothalamus do?

A

Inhibits release of GH

85
Q

What does growth hormone do?

A

Causes cell repair and growth in body

86
Q

What is the name of cell type in anterior pituitary that releases GH?

A

Somatotrophs

87
Q

When is GH mostly released?

A

At night during stage 2 non-REM sleep

88
Q

In liver, GH produces what?

A

IGF 1 and IGF 2

89
Q

What does IGF stand for?

A

Insulin-like Growth Factor

90
Q

What does GH & IGF do?

A

Increases organ size, bone density, lean muscle, bone growth in youth
Decreases adipose tissue

91
Q

What does GH do to blood sugar?

A

Increases blood sugar; Stimulates liver to release glucose

92
Q

What does IGF do to blood sugar?

A

Decreases blood sugar by bringing glucose into cells

93
Q

True/false: GH blocks cells from taking up glucose

A

True

94
Q

Where is thyroid gland located?

A

Over trachea

95
Q

What connects left and right lobe of the thyroid?

A

Connecting band called “isthmus”

96
Q

What are the two glands located in each lobe of the thyroid gland?

A

Parathyroid glands

97
Q

What do parathyroid glands do?

A

Regulate calcium

98
Q

What are the hollow structures in thyroid tissue?

A

Follicles

99
Q

What is the a-cellular protein matrix inside each thyroid follicle called?

A

Colloid

100
Q

Cuboidal follicular cells line the thyroid follicles and make what?

A

Thyroid hormone

101
Q

Where is thyroid hormone made by follicular cells stored?

A

In the colloid

102
Q

What is the water soluble protein inside the colloid that binds to the fat soluble thyroid hormone to store it?

A

Thyroglobulin

103
Q

What are para-follicular cells in the thyroid called?

A

C-cells

104
Q

What do c-cells make?

A

Calcitonin

105
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

Controls calcium in the body

106
Q

What does the hypothalamus release to affect the thyroid?

A

TRH

107
Q

TRH acts on the anterior pituitary to release what?

A

TSH

108
Q

TSH acts on the thyroid to release what?

A

T3 & T4

109
Q

What does T3/T4 use to control the thyroid system?

A

Negative feedback

110
Q

Why is thyroid function connected to metabolic rate?

A

Because it it responsible for making other proteins and enzymes that consume energy.

111
Q

Most energy in cellular metabolism goes toward the release of what?

A

Heat

112
Q

How is metabolic rate measured?

A

By release of body heat

113
Q

Where are adrenal glands found?

A

On top and slightly in front of kidneys

114
Q

What does the adrenal medulla produce?

A

Catecholamines

115
Q

What are the main catecholamines produced by the adrenal medulla?

A

Mostly epinephrine and some norepinephrine

116
Q

What does the adrenal cortex produce?

A

All steroid hormones

117
Q

How many layers to the adrenal cortex?

A

3

118
Q

Which layer of the adrenal cortex produces aldosterone?

A

1st layer

119
Q

Which part of the adrenal gland is considered an endocrine branch of the SNS?

A

Medulla

120
Q

What is the 1st layer of the adrenal cortex called?

A

Glomerulosa

121
Q

What are 3 categories of hormones produced by adrenal cortex?

A

1) glucocorticoids
2) mineral corticoids
3) sex hormones

122
Q

What do glucocorticoids do to blood glucose?

A

Increase blood glucose

123
Q

What are the 3 glucocorticoids?

A

1) corticosterone
2) cortisol
3) cortisone

124
Q

What do mineral corticoids do?

A

Increase sodium
Decrease potassium

125
Q

What are the sex hormones

A

-Androgens, testosterone
-Progesterone, estrogen, intermediates

126
Q

What does the hypothalamus release to pituitary to stimulate glucocorticoids?

A

CRH

127
Q

What does the pituitary release to adrenal cortex to stimulate glucocorticoids?

A

ACTH

128
Q

When does cortisol get produced the most?

A

Daytime

129
Q

When is cortisol production the lowest?

A

In evening

130
Q

When the cortisol the highest (peak)?

A

Before waking up

131
Q

Cortisol causes vasoconstriction t/f

A

True

132
Q

Is cortisol action short or long lived in the body?

A

Short lived

133
Q

What is main purpose of cortisol?

A

To mobilize

134
Q

What does cortisol do to blood sugar?

A

Increases

135
Q

What does cortisol do to bone?

A

Helps it release calcium for muscle contraction

136
Q

Does cortisol suppress immune function?

A

Yes

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