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AP1 > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the nervous system do?

A

It is the “hard wire” control for the body

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2
Q

2 divisions of nervous system

A

CNS
PNS

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3
Q

What makes up CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

What is PNS?

A

Nerves that extend out

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5
Q

2 parts of PNS

A

1) Afferent
2) Efferent

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6
Q

What is Afferent?

A

Sensory (flows up)

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7
Q

What is Efferent?

A

Carries out command (down)

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8
Q

2 parts of Efferent

A

1) Somatic
2) Autonomic

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9
Q

What is somatosensory?

A

Division of afferent that we feel consciously (pain, smell, equilibrium)

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10
Q

What is visceral stimuli?

A

Afferent; involuntary sensation that controls things like blood pressure
-gets info from sympathetic/parasympathetic

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11
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Part of efferent; motor neurons that go to skeletal muscle and under our control.

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12
Q

Autonomic

A

Part of efferent; controls visceral function (involuntary)

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13
Q

2 parts of autonomic

A

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic

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14
Q

What is a sympathetic responses

A

Fight/Flight

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15
Q

What is a parasympathetic response?

A

Rest/Relax

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16
Q

What 3 body parts does sympathetic/parasympathetic control?

A

1) Smooth muscle
2) cardiac muscle
3) glands

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17
Q

What is Ramon y Cajal responsible for?

A

Golgi staining to see neuronal cells

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18
Q

Another name for cell body of a neuron

A

Soma

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19
Q

What is in cell body?

A

Nucleus and organelles

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20
Q

What are dendrites of nerve cell?

A

Extensions from cell body (dendritic trees)

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21
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

Provide input to nerve cell

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22
Q

What is axon hillock?

A

Where action potential begins after stimulation

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23
Q

What is axon?

A

Tail of nerve cell

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24
Q

What is the end point of the axon called?

A

Axon terminal

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25
Q

Where does one cell communicate to another cell?

A

From axon terminals to dendrites

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26
Q

What is insulation of axon called?

A

Myelination

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27
Q

What helps to speed up and preserve electrical signal along an axon?

A

Myelin sheath

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28
Q

What is myelin sheath in PNS called?

A

Schwan cells

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29
Q

Spaces between myelination?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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30
Q

What is myelination of CNS called?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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31
Q

What is another name for oligodendrocytes?

A

Glial cells

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32
Q

How do oligodendrocytes myelinate?

A

With foot-like projections that wrap around the axon

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33
Q

What is a neuronal cell that connects Afferent and Efferent neurons?

A

Interneuron

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34
Q

What is difference in voltage across a membrane called?

A

Membrane potential

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35
Q

What is the charge of ECF?

A

Positive

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36
Q

What is charge of ICF?

A

Negative

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37
Q

What is resting membrane potential for a cell?

A

-70mV

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38
Q

What is the major ion of ECF?

A

Na+

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39
Q

What are major components in ICF?

A

K+
Amino Acids and proteins (negatively charged)

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40
Q

What is a separation or difference in charge called?

A

Potential

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41
Q

What is the separation of charge across the membrane called?

A

Membrane potential

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42
Q

If chemical and electrical are equal in size and pointed in opposite directions (equilibrium reached), what is that called?

A

Equilibrium potential

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43
Q

What are 2 types of tissue where membrane potential will change dramatically?

A

Muscle and nerves

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44
Q

Why do muscle and nerve cells change?

A

Because they are excitable cells

45
Q

What is a major fluctuation in membrane potential called?

A

Action potential

46
Q

What charge is the threshold potential?

47
Q

What does -50mV trigger the opening of in the membrane?

A

Voltage gated Na+ channels

48
Q

What causes repolarization/hyper polarization of the cell after action potential is maxed?

A

Leaking of K+ from the cell

49
Q

What are the protections to the CNS?

A

1) skull and meninges
2) CSF
3) blood brain barrier

50
Q

What are tough connective tissues that protect the brain?

51
Q

What are the 3 meninges?

A

1) dura
2) arachnoid
3) pia mater

52
Q

Which meninge has blood vessels?

53
Q

Where is CSF formed?

A

Choroid plexus

54
Q

How much CSF is there?

55
Q

What is the difference of CSF compared to blood?

A

Lower K+
Lower protein
Higher Na+

56
Q

Cells of CNS have what resting membrane potential?

57
Q

Cells of the body have action potential more easily than the cells of the brain and spinal cord, t/f?

58
Q

What would happen if cells of the brain and spinal cord were excited too easily?

59
Q

What is the highly selective network of cells and capillaries that protects the brain from substances crossing?

A

Blood brain barrier

60
Q

What is the primary energy source of the CNS?

A

Oxygen and glucose

61
Q

What do astrocytes and ependymal cells do in BBB?

A

Prevent substances from entering

62
Q

How is glucose transferred through the BBB from plasma to IF?

A

Insulin independent membrane transporters

63
Q

What are basic functions of the brain?

A

Regulate Homeostasis
Emotion
Movement
Senses
Memory
Cognition

64
Q

Which matter has cell bodies, synapses, dendrites, neuroglia?

A

Gray matter

65
Q

What matter has myelinated axon fibers?

A

White matter

66
Q

What is CNS gray matter called?

67
Q

What is gray matter of PNS called?

68
Q

What lobe deals with vision

69
Q

What lobe for hearing?

70
Q

What lobe for motor?

71
Q

What part in frontal lobe controls voluntary movement?

A

Primary motor cortex

72
Q

What part in frontal lobe controls learned/planned movement (tie shoes)?

A

Pre-motor cortex

73
Q

What part in frontal lobe controls sequenced movement (dance)?

A

Supplementary motor area

74
Q

What lobe deals with body sensations?

75
Q

Primary somatosenory cortex senses body sensations, t/f?

76
Q

Somatosensory association area (behind primary) senses what?

A

Texture, shape

77
Q

What part of frontal lobe deals with emotion and social integration?

A

Prefrontal cortex

78
Q

What doesn’t fully develop until adulthood?

A

Prefrontal cortex

79
Q

In what hemisphere are language areas?

80
Q

What part of left frontal lobe is responsible for muscles involved in speech?

A

Broca’s area

81
Q

What area in left temporal lobe is AV processing and comprehension?

A

Wernicke’s area

82
Q

What is responsible for fine tuning of motor, sensory and emotional input/output

A

Basal nuclei (aka basal ganglia)

83
Q

Where is basal nuclei?

A

Deep in cerebrum (gray matter)

84
Q

What part of the brain is involved in balance, movement planning and execution?

A

Cerebellum

85
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Subconscious motor coordination

86
Q

What part of the brain is affected in Parkinson’s?

A

Basal nuclei

87
Q

What part of the brain is affected if there are constant tremors?

A

Cerebellum

88
Q

What is sensory filter?

89
Q

What controls homeostasis and endocrine system?

A

Hypothalamus

90
Q

What regulates body temperature?

A

Hypothalamus

91
Q

What regulates water balance and thirst?

A

Hypothalamus

92
Q

What is our emotional response system?

A

Limbic system

93
Q

3 parts of brain stem

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medula

94
Q

Where is the Reticular Activating System (RAS)?

95
Q

What does RAS do?

A

Filters sensory input, attention, arousal of cerebral cortex

96
Q

What does midbrain control?

A

Superior = visual
Inferior = hearing

97
Q

What does Pons control?

A

Breathing rhythm

98
Q

What do pyramids of medulla contain?

A

Motor fibers

99
Q

What do medulla olives do?

A

Relay info to cerebrum and cerebellum

100
Q

What do autonomic nuclei of medulla control?

A

Heart rate
BP
Breathing
Vomiting, coughing…

101
Q

Dorsal spinal cord

102
Q

Ventral spinal cord

103
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves?

104
Q

What is a specific surface region of the body innervate by a spinal nerve?

105
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves?

106
Q

Cranial nerves connect directly to the

107
Q

What is a sensory pathway that goes up to the brain?

108
Q

What is a motor response to a stimulus?

109
Q

What is a simple, involuntary pathway from spinal cord?

AP1 (9 decks)

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