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AP1 > Skeletal > Flashcards

Skeletal Flashcards

1
Q

What is the skeletal system made up of?

A

Bones, cartilage and ligaments

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2
Q

What does skeletal system do?

A

1) supports
2) facilitates movement
3) protects organs
4) produces blood cells
5) stores & releases minerals and fat

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3
Q

What type of stem cell in marrow makes blood cells?

A

Hematopoietic

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4
Q

What type of cells are made from hematopoietic stem cells?

A

RBCs, WBCs and platelets

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5
Q

What are primary minerals stored/released in bone?

A

Calcium and phosphorus

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6
Q

How many bones in the body?

A

206

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7
Q

How many categories of bone?

A

5

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8
Q

Name categories of bone

A

1) long
2) short
3) flat
4) irregular
5) sesamoid

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9
Q

What is does long bone look like?

A

Cylinder

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10
Q

What are long bones’ primary function?

A

Leverage

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11
Q

What does short bone look like?

A

Cube-like

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12
Q

What does short bone do?

A

Provides stability and support; some gliding motion.

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13
Q

What does flat bone look like?

A

Thin, curved

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14
Q

What is flat bone used for?

A

1) Points of attachment for muscle
2) protect organs

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15
Q

What does irregular bone look like?

A

Complex shape

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16
Q

What does irregular bone do?

A

Protects organs and supports

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17
Q

What does a sesamoid bone look like?

A

Small and round (embedded in tendons)

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18
Q

What does sesamoid bone do?

A

Protects from compression

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19
Q

Example of long bones

A

Femur, tibia

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20
Q

Example of short bones?

A

Carpals, tarsals

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21
Q

Example of flat bones?

A

Sternum, ribs, cranium

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22
Q

Example of irregular bone?

A

Vertebral bones, facial bones

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23
Q

Example of sesamoid bone?

A

Patella

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24
Q

What is the diaphysis of the bone?

A

Long shaft

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25
Q

What is the epiphysis?

A

2 ends of bone; form joints

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26
Q

What is medullary cavity?

A

Hollow of diaphysis; filled with yellow marrow

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27
Q

What is yellow marrow mostly made of?

A

Fat

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28
Q

What is compact bone?

A

Makes up walls of bone; strong, dense, hard

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29
Q

What is spongy bone also called?

A

Cancellous bone

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30
Q

Features of spongey bone

A

1) Honeycomb structure
2) red marrow and stem cells
3) light-weight

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31
Q

What is metaphysis?

A

Where diaphysis and epiphysis meet

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32
Q

Where is epiphyseal plate?

A

Metaphysis

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33
Q

What kind of cartilage does the metaphysis contain?

A

Hyaline

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34
Q

When does epiphyseal line form?

A

When growth plate converts to bone; growth stops

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35
Q

What delivers nutrition to the bone?

A

Nutrient artery

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36
Q

What is periosteum?

A

Outside epithelial membrane that covers compact bone

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37
Q

What is endosteum?

A

Epithelial membrane that covers spongey bone

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38
Q

What are the layers of the periosteum?

A

Fibrous layer (outside) and cellular layer (inside)

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39
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Cells in endosteum that break down bone and release minerals into blood

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40
Q

What are osteoblasts

A

Cells that make new bone matrix

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41
Q

What is new bone matrix made of?

A

Protein, collagen and Calcium/phosphorus crystals.

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42
Q

Where are osteoblasts found?

A

Endosteum

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43
Q

What are osteogenic cells?

A

Adult stem cells that produce new osteocytes

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44
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Bone cells embedded in bone matrix

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45
Q

Where in bone matrix are osteocytes found?

A

Lacunae (“lakes”)

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46
Q

What is an articulation?

A

Any joint where 2 bones meet

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47
Q

Example of an articulation

A

Knee

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48
Q

What is the head of a bone?

A

Prominent round surface

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49
Q

Example of the head of a bone

A

Head of femur

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50
Q

What is a facet?

A

Flat surface

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51
Q

Example of a facet

A

Joints of Vertebrae

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52
Q

What is a condyle?

A

Rounded surface at head

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53
Q

What is an example of a condyle?

A

Occipital condyle where skull and spine meet

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54
Q

What are projections?

A

Raised markings where muscle or ligaments attach

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55
Q

What is a protuberance?

A

Bone that sticks out

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56
Q

What is an example of a protuberance?

A

Chin

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57
Q

What is a process?

A

Prominent outgrowth of a bone

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58
Q

What is a spine?

A

A sharp process

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59
Q

What is an example of a spiny process?

A

Pelvic sits bones

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60
Q

What is a tubercle?

A

A small rounded process

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61
Q

What typically attaches to a spine or tubercle?

A

Muscle

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62
Q

What is a tuberosity?

A

Rough surface

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63
Q

What is a line?

A

Slight and elongated ridge

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64
Q

What is an example of a line?

A

Temporal lines of parietal bones

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65
Q

What is a crest

A

A ridge

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66
Q

Example of a crest

A

Hipbones

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67
Q

What is a foraman?

A

A depression, or hole where something passes through

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68
Q

What is fossa?

A

Elongated indent

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69
Q

What is the example of a fossa?

A

The mandibular fossa

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70
Q

What is a fovea?

A

Small round pit where nerves or blood vessels go

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71
Q

What is a sulcus?

A

Groove

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72
Q

What is a canal?

A

Passage through bone

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73
Q

What is a fissure?

A

A slit through bone

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74
Q

What is a meatus?

A

Opening to a canal

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75
Q

What is a sinus?

A

Air-filled space

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76
Q

What is the ground substance of bone?

A

Collagen fibers + inorganic salt crystals

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77
Q

What is the main in organic salt crystal in bone?

A

Calcium hydroxyapatite

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78
Q

What does calcium hydroxyapatite consist of?

A

Calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate

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79
Q

What does calcium hydroxyapatite do in bone?

A

Gives strength and hardness

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80
Q

What other inorganic salts calcified on collagen in bone?

A

Magnesium hydroxide, fluoride, and sulfate

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81
Q

What purpose do other in organic salts in bone serve?

A

Give flexibility

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82
Q

How many types of bone cells are there?

A

4

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83
Q

What are the four types of bone cells?

A

1) osteocyte
2) osteoblasts
3) osteogenic cells
4) osteoclasts

84
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A

Compact and spongy

85
Q

What are features of compact bone?

A

Dense and can withstand compression

86
Q

What is a feature of spongy bone?

A

Supports weight distribution

87
Q

What is an osteon?

A

A structural unit of compact bone

88
Q

What is an osteon also known as?

A

Haversian system

89
Q

What is the Haversian system made of?

A

Rings of calcified matrix called lamellae

90
Q

What are the rings of calcified matrix in Haversian system called?

A

Lamellae

91
Q

What is the center of the osteon called?

A

Central canal

92
Q

What runs through the central canal?

A

1) blood vessels
2) nerves
3) lymphatic vessels

93
Q

What are Volkmann’s canals?

A

Right angle canals, where vessels and nerves branch, and extend from periosteum to endosteum

94
Q

Where is spongy bone found?

A

1) epiphysis and metaphysis
2) center of flat bones

95
Q

What are trabeculae?

A

Matrix in spongy bone along lines of stress

96
Q

Two purposes of trabeculae spaces

A

1) contain red bone marrow
2) make bone light

97
Q

What lives in trabeculae?

A

1) Osteocytes
2) Lacunae

98
Q

Small opening in compact bone where arteries deliver nutrients

A

Nutrient foramen

99
Q

What brings nutrients to spongy bone?

A

Blood vessels of periosteum

100
Q

What 3 things do nerves do in bone?

A

1) sense pain
2) regulate blood supply
3) regulate bone growth

101
Q

Where do nerves in bones typically go to?

A

Metabolically active areas

102
Q

True or false: children have more bones than adults?

A

True; those bones fuse together in adulthood

103
Q

What is main function of lower skeleton?

A

Stability for walking

104
Q

What is main function of upper limbs?

A

1) mobility/ROM
2) carry/lift

105
Q

What are parts of axial skeleton?

A

Head, neck, chest, back

106
Q

What are parts of appendicular skeleton?

A

Limbs, pelvic and pectoral girdles

107
Q

How many bones in axial skeleton?

A

80

108
Q

How many bones in skull?

A

29

109
Q

What is breakdown of bones in skull?

A

-22 in skull
-6 ear ossicles (3 each side)
-1 Hyoid

110
Q

How many total bones in vertebral column?

A

26

111
Q

Breakdown of bones in vertebral column

A

-24 vertebrae
-sacrum
-coccyx

112
Q

Number of bones in thoracic cage

A

25

113
Q

Breakdown of bones in thoracic cage

A

-12 pairs of ribs
-sternum

114
Q

Number of bones in appendicular skeleton

A

126

115
Q

Purpose of pectoral girdle

A

Attach upper limbs to thoracic cage

116
Q

Purpose of pelvic girdle

A

Attach vertebral column to lower limbs

117
Q

What is the Brain Case or Brain Vault?

A

Houses brain, middle and inner ear

118
Q

What is only moving bone in skull?

A

Mandible

119
Q

What are sutures?

A

Join bones in skull

120
Q

What is zygomatic process?

A

Hollow behind cheekbones where muscle runs

121
Q

What are anterior, middle and posterior fossa in skull?

A

Depressions where brain base rests

122
Q

What is mandibular fossa?

A

Where jaw attaches

123
Q

What is mastoid process?

A

Where chewing muscles attach

124
Q

What are occiput?

A

Ridges at back of head

125
Q

What are occipital condyles?

A

Either side of hole in base of skull where C1 attaches.

126
Q

What is hole in base of skull called?

A

Foramen magnum

127
Q

What is jugular foramen?

A

Where jugular veins drains blood from brain to heart

128
Q

What is carotid canal?

A

Where carotid artery brings Oxygen rich blood to brain

129
Q

What is sella turcica?

A

“Turkish saddle”; where pituitary gland sits

130
Q

What is purpose of hyoid bone?

A

Main attachment for the tongue

131
Q

What delicate structures does the sphenoid bone support?

A

1) pituitary
2) nerves
3) blood vessels

132
Q

Where is ethmoid located?

A

Between orbits; near sphenoid

133
Q

Where are the concha?

A

Ethmoid

134
Q

Condylar process is what?

A

Ends of mandible that attach to mandibular fossa in skull

135
Q

What do muscles used for chewing attach to?

A

Coronoid process

136
Q

What does the perpendicular ethmoid plate make up a lot of?

A

Nasal septum

137
Q

What is C1 also called?

A

Atlas

138
Q

What is C2 called?

A

Axis

139
Q

How many cervical vertebrae?

A

7

140
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae

A

12

141
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae

A

5

142
Q

How many (fused) bones in sacrum?

A

5

143
Q

What are 2 concave curves in spine?

A

1) thoracic
2) sacralcoccygeal

144
Q

What are the 4 purposes of vertebral column?

A

1) flexibility
2) support head, neck and body
3) allow movement
4) protect spinal cord

145
Q

3 parts of vertibra

A

1) facet head of ribs (behind vertebral body)
2) transverse process (“wings”)
3) spinous process (bumps in back)

146
Q

3 ligaments of vertebral column

A

1) anterior longitudinal
2) supraspinous
3) nuchal

147
Q

Function of anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

1) unite vertebrae
2) prevent back flex

148
Q

Function of supraspinous ligament?

A

Supports forward bend

149
Q

Purpose of nuchal ligament

A

Prevents head from falling forward.

150
Q

To what part of vertebral column are ribs anchored?

A

T1-12

151
Q

What numbers are “true ribs”

A

1-7

152
Q

Why are they called “true ribs”

A

Because they attach to the sternum

153
Q

What are “false ribs”

A

8-12

154
Q

Which numbers ribs are “floating”

A

11-12

155
Q

What is the manubrium of the sternum?

A

Where sternum attaches to clavicle

156
Q

Two parts of pectoral girdle

A

1) clavicles
2) scapulae

157
Q

True/False: clavicle attaches to scapula in back?

A

True

158
Q

What is deltoid tuberosity?

A

Where delts attach to diaphysis of humerous

159
Q

What is another name for the olecranon of ulna?

A

Elbow

160
Q

What is larger (longer): ulna or radius?

A

Ulna

161
Q

What attaches more to the humerous, the ulna or radius?

A

Ulna

162
Q

Where does radius attach to wrist?

A

Styloid process

163
Q

Where does pelvic girdle attach to sacrum?

A

coxal bone

164
Q

What is the joint where pelvic girdle bones meet in front called?

A

Pubic symphysis

165
Q

What do ligaments of pelvic girdle do?

A

Stabilize

166
Q

What ligament attaches hip joint to sacrum?

A

Posterior sacroiliac ligament

167
Q

What ligament attaches sacrum to pubic area?

A

Sacrotuberous ligament

168
Q

What ligament attaches front of hip joint to coccyx?

A

Sacrospinous

169
Q

Features of Male pelvis

A

1) deeper
2) narrow

170
Q

Features of Female pelvis

A

1) wider
2) shorter
3) rounded

171
Q

Largest bone in body?

A

Femur

172
Q

2nd largest bone?

A

Tibia

173
Q

Largest sesamoid bone?

A

Patella

174
Q

In what tendon is patella located?

A

Tendon of quad

175
Q

How does femur and tibia connect?

A

Quad muscle

176
Q

Which bone bears weight in lower leg?

A

Tibia

177
Q

What is primary purpose of fibula?

A

Muscle attachment

178
Q

What connects tibia and fibula?

A

Interosseous membrane

179
Q

What are ankle bones called?

A

Tarsals

180
Q

What shape are most tarsals?

A

Cuboidal

181
Q

What is the largest tarsal bone?

A

Calcaneous (heel)

182
Q

What is the big toe called?

A

Hallux

183
Q

How many phalanges are in thumb and big toe?

A

2

184
Q

2 classifications of joints?

A

1) structural
2) functional

185
Q

What are the 3 types of structural joints?

A

1) fibrous
2) cartilaginous
3)synovial

186
Q

What are fibrous joints?

A

Bones connected by fibrous connective tissue

187
Q

Example of fibrous joints

A

Cranial sutures
Distal articulation of tibia and fibula

188
Q

What are cartilaginous joints joined by?

A

Hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

189
Q

Examples of cartilaginous joints

A

1) ribs/sternum
2) vertebrae
3) pubic symphysis

190
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

Joints filled with lubricating fluid

191
Q

Which joint structure is most common in the body?

A

Synovial

192
Q

Name 3 functional joints

A

1) synarthrosis
2) amphiarthrosis
3) diarthrosis

193
Q

Features of synarthrosis joints

A

1) immobile
2) very strong

194
Q

Feature of amphiarthrosis joint

A

Slightly moveable (intervertebral)

195
Q

Feature of diarthrosis joints

A

Freely moveable

196
Q

What does “arthroun” mean?

A

To fasten by a joint

197
Q

What functional type of joint are synovial?

A

Diarthrosis

198
Q

What functional type of joint are fibrous and cartilaginous?

A

Synarthrosis or amphiarthrosis; depending on location)

199
Q

6 types of a diarthrosis joint

A

1) pivot
2) hinge
3) saddle
4) plane
5) condyloid
6) ball & socket

200
Q

Example of pivot joint

A

C1 and C2

201
Q

Example of a hinge joint

A

Elbow

202
Q

Example of saddle joint

A

Trapezium (below thumb) to thumb

203
Q

Example of plane joint

A

Between tarsals; slides only

204
Q

Example of condyloid joint

A

Wrist; freer movement

205
Q

Example of ball and socket

A

Hip

AP1 (9 decks)

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