Skeletal Flashcards
What is the skeletal system made up of?
Bones, cartilage and ligaments
What does skeletal system do?
1) supports
2) facilitates movement
3) protects organs
4) produces blood cells
5) stores & releases minerals and fat
What type of stem cell in marrow makes blood cells?
Hematopoietic
What type of cells are made from hematopoietic stem cells?
RBCs, WBCs and platelets
What are primary minerals stored/released in bone?
Calcium and phosphorus
How many bones in the body?
206
How many categories of bone?
5
Name categories of bone
1) long
2) short
3) flat
4) irregular
5) sesamoid
What is does long bone look like?
Cylinder
What are long bones’ primary function?
Leverage
What does short bone look like?
Cube-like
What does short bone do?
Provides stability and support; some gliding motion.
What does flat bone look like?
Thin, curved
What is flat bone used for?
1) Points of attachment for muscle
2) protect organs
What does irregular bone look like?
Complex shape
What does irregular bone do?
Protects organs and supports
What does a sesamoid bone look like?
Small and round (embedded in tendons)
What does sesamoid bone do?
Protects from compression
Example of long bones
Femur, tibia
Example of short bones?
Carpals, tarsals
Example of flat bones?
Sternum, ribs, cranium
Example of irregular bone?
Vertebral bones, facial bones
Example of sesamoid bone?
Patella
What is the diaphysis of the bone?
Long shaft
What is the epiphysis?
2 ends of bone; form joints
What is medullary cavity?
Hollow of diaphysis; filled with yellow marrow
What is yellow marrow mostly made of?
Fat
What is compact bone?
Makes up walls of bone; strong, dense, hard
What is spongy bone also called?
Cancellous bone
Features of spongey bone
1) Honeycomb structure
2) red marrow and stem cells
3) light-weight
What is metaphysis?
Where diaphysis and epiphysis meet
Where is epiphyseal plate?
Metaphysis
What kind of cartilage does the metaphysis contain?
Hyaline
When does epiphyseal line form?
When growth plate converts to bone; growth stops
What delivers nutrition to the bone?
Nutrient artery
What is periosteum?
Outside epithelial membrane that covers compact bone
What is endosteum?
Epithelial membrane that covers spongey bone
What are the layers of the periosteum?
Fibrous layer (outside) and cellular layer (inside)
What are osteoclasts?
Cells in endosteum that break down bone and release minerals into blood
What are osteoblasts
Cells that make new bone matrix
What is new bone matrix made of?
Protein, collagen and Calcium/phosphorus crystals.
Where are osteoblasts found?
Endosteum
What are osteogenic cells?
Adult stem cells that produce new osteocytes
What are osteocytes?
Bone cells embedded in bone matrix
Where in bone matrix are osteocytes found?
Lacunae (“lakes”)
What is an articulation?
Any joint where 2 bones meet
Example of an articulation
Knee
What is the head of a bone?
Prominent round surface
Example of the head of a bone
Head of femur
What is a facet?
Flat surface
Example of a facet
Joints of Vertebrae
What is a condyle?
Rounded surface at head
What is an example of a condyle?
Occipital condyle where skull and spine meet
What are projections?
Raised markings where muscle or ligaments attach
What is a protuberance?
Bone that sticks out
What is an example of a protuberance?
Chin
What is a process?
Prominent outgrowth of a bone
What is a spine?
A sharp process
What is an example of a spiny process?
Pelvic sits bones
What is a tubercle?
A small rounded process
What typically attaches to a spine or tubercle?
Muscle
What is a tuberosity?
Rough surface
What is a line?
Slight and elongated ridge
What is an example of a line?
Temporal lines of parietal bones
What is a crest
A ridge
Example of a crest
Hipbones
What is a foraman?
A depression, or hole where something passes through
What is fossa?
Elongated indent
What is the example of a fossa?
The mandibular fossa
What is a fovea?
Small round pit where nerves or blood vessels go
What is a sulcus?
Groove
What is a canal?
Passage through bone
What is a fissure?
A slit through bone
What is a meatus?
Opening to a canal
What is a sinus?
Air-filled space
What is the ground substance of bone?
Collagen fibers + inorganic salt crystals
What is the main in organic salt crystal in bone?
Calcium hydroxyapatite
What does calcium hydroxyapatite consist of?
Calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
What does calcium hydroxyapatite do in bone?
Gives strength and hardness
What other inorganic salts calcified on collagen in bone?
Magnesium hydroxide, fluoride, and sulfate
What purpose do other in organic salts in bone serve?
Give flexibility
How many types of bone cells are there?
4
What are the four types of bone cells?
1) osteocyte
2) osteoblasts
3) osteogenic cells
4) osteoclasts
What are the two types of bone?
Compact and spongy
What are features of compact bone?
Dense and can withstand compression
What is a feature of spongy bone?
Supports weight distribution
What is an osteon?
A structural unit of compact bone
What is an osteon also known as?
Haversian system
What is the Haversian system made of?
Rings of calcified matrix called lamellae
What are the rings of calcified matrix in Haversian system called?
Lamellae
What is the center of the osteon called?
Central canal
What runs through the central canal?
1) blood vessels
2) nerves
3) lymphatic vessels
What are Volkmann’s canals?
Right angle canals, where vessels and nerves branch, and extend from periosteum to endosteum
Where is spongy bone found?
1) epiphysis and metaphysis
2) center of flat bones
What are trabeculae?
Matrix in spongy bone along lines of stress
Two purposes of trabeculae spaces
1) contain red bone marrow
2) make bone light
What lives in trabeculae?
1) Osteocytes
2) Lacunae
Small opening in compact bone where arteries deliver nutrients
Nutrient foramen
What brings nutrients to spongy bone?
Blood vessels of periosteum
What 3 things do nerves do in bone?
1) sense pain
2) regulate blood supply
3) regulate bone growth
Where do nerves in bones typically go to?
Metabolically active areas
True or false: children have more bones than adults?
True; those bones fuse together in adulthood
What is main function of lower skeleton?
Stability for walking
What is main function of upper limbs?
1) mobility/ROM
2) carry/lift
What are parts of axial skeleton?
Head, neck, chest, back
What are parts of appendicular skeleton?
Limbs, pelvic and pectoral girdles
How many bones in axial skeleton?
80
How many bones in skull?
29
What is breakdown of bones in skull?
-22 in skull
-6 ear ossicles (3 each side)
-1 Hyoid
How many total bones in vertebral column?
26
Breakdown of bones in vertebral column
-24 vertebrae
-sacrum
-coccyx
Number of bones in thoracic cage
25
Breakdown of bones in thoracic cage
-12 pairs of ribs
-sternum
Number of bones in appendicular skeleton
126
Purpose of pectoral girdle
Attach upper limbs to thoracic cage
Purpose of pelvic girdle
Attach vertebral column to lower limbs
What is the Brain Case or Brain Vault?
Houses brain, middle and inner ear
What is only moving bone in skull?
Mandible
What are sutures?
Join bones in skull
What is zygomatic process?
Hollow behind cheekbones where muscle runs
What are anterior, middle and posterior fossa in skull?
Depressions where brain base rests
What is mandibular fossa?
Where jaw attaches
What is mastoid process?
Where chewing muscles attach
What are occiput?
Ridges at back of head
What are occipital condyles?
Either side of hole in base of skull where C1 attaches.
What is hole in base of skull called?
Foramen magnum
What is jugular foramen?
Where jugular veins drains blood from brain to heart
What is carotid canal?
Where carotid artery brings Oxygen rich blood to brain
What is sella turcica?
“Turkish saddle”; where pituitary gland sits
What is purpose of hyoid bone?
Main attachment for the tongue
What delicate structures does the sphenoid bone support?
1) pituitary
2) nerves
3) blood vessels
Where is ethmoid located?
Between orbits; near sphenoid
Where are the concha?
Ethmoid
Condylar process is what?
Ends of mandible that attach to mandibular fossa in skull
What do muscles used for chewing attach to?
Coronoid process
What does the perpendicular ethmoid plate make up a lot of?
Nasal septum
What is C1 also called?
Atlas
What is C2 called?
Axis
How many cervical vertebrae?
7
How many thoracic vertebrae
12
How many lumbar vertebrae
5
How many (fused) bones in sacrum?
5
What are 2 concave curves in spine?
1) thoracic
2) sacralcoccygeal
What are the 4 purposes of vertebral column?
1) flexibility
2) support head, neck and body
3) allow movement
4) protect spinal cord
3 parts of vertibra
1) facet head of ribs (behind vertebral body)
2) transverse process (“wings”)
3) spinous process (bumps in back)
3 ligaments of vertebral column
1) anterior longitudinal
2) supraspinous
3) nuchal
Function of anterior longitudinal ligament?
1) unite vertebrae
2) prevent back flex
Function of supraspinous ligament?
Supports forward bend
Purpose of nuchal ligament
Prevents head from falling forward.
To what part of vertebral column are ribs anchored?
T1-12
What numbers are “true ribs”
1-7
Why are they called “true ribs”
Because they attach to the sternum
What are “false ribs”
8-12
Which numbers ribs are “floating”
11-12
What is the manubrium of the sternum?
Where sternum attaches to clavicle
Two parts of pectoral girdle
1) clavicles
2) scapulae
True/False: clavicle attaches to scapula in back?
True
What is deltoid tuberosity?
Where delts attach to diaphysis of humerous
What is another name for the olecranon of ulna?
Elbow
What is larger (longer): ulna or radius?
Ulna
What attaches more to the humerous, the ulna or radius?
Ulna
Where does radius attach to wrist?
Styloid process
Where does pelvic girdle attach to sacrum?
coxal bone
What is the joint where pelvic girdle bones meet in front called?
Pubic symphysis
What do ligaments of pelvic girdle do?
Stabilize
What ligament attaches hip joint to sacrum?
Posterior sacroiliac ligament
What ligament attaches sacrum to pubic area?
Sacrotuberous ligament
What ligament attaches front of hip joint to coccyx?
Sacrospinous
Features of Male pelvis
1) deeper
2) narrow
Features of Female pelvis
1) wider
2) shorter
3) rounded
Largest bone in body?
Femur
2nd largest bone?
Tibia
Largest sesamoid bone?
Patella
In what tendon is patella located?
Tendon of quad
How does femur and tibia connect?
Quad muscle
Which bone bears weight in lower leg?
Tibia
What is primary purpose of fibula?
Muscle attachment
What connects tibia and fibula?
Interosseous membrane
What are ankle bones called?
Tarsals
What shape are most tarsals?
Cuboidal
What is the largest tarsal bone?
Calcaneous (heel)
What is the big toe called?
Hallux
How many phalanges are in thumb and big toe?
2
2 classifications of joints?
1) structural
2) functional
What are the 3 types of structural joints?
1) fibrous
2) cartilaginous
3)synovial
What are fibrous joints?
Bones connected by fibrous connective tissue
Example of fibrous joints
Cranial sutures
Distal articulation of tibia and fibula
What are cartilaginous joints joined by?
Hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
Examples of cartilaginous joints
1) ribs/sternum
2) vertebrae
3) pubic symphysis
What are synovial joints?
Joints filled with lubricating fluid
Which joint structure is most common in the body?
Synovial
Name 3 functional joints
1) synarthrosis
2) amphiarthrosis
3) diarthrosis
Features of synarthrosis joints
1) immobile
2) very strong
Feature of amphiarthrosis joint
Slightly moveable (intervertebral)
Feature of diarthrosis joints
Freely moveable
What does “arthroun” mean?
To fasten by a joint
What functional type of joint are synovial?
Diarthrosis
What functional type of joint are fibrous and cartilaginous?
Synarthrosis or amphiarthrosis; depending on location)
6 types of a diarthrosis joint
1) pivot
2) hinge
3) saddle
4) plane
5) condyloid
6) ball & socket
Example of pivot joint
C1 and C2
Example of a hinge joint
Elbow
Example of saddle joint
Trapezium (below thumb) to thumb
Example of plane joint
Between tarsals; slides only
Example of condyloid joint
Wrist; freer movement
Example of ball and socket
Hip
