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prevet anatomy > special senses > Flashcards

special senses Flashcards

1
Q

what is the largest sensory organ?

A

skin

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2
Q

what is the purpose of skin?

A
  • covers and protects against damage from water, injury, microbes, thermoregulation
  • protects against excessive loss of water and electrolytes
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3
Q

what is responsible for changes observed in skin and hair color?

A

melanin

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4
Q

what does pigment in skin protect against?

A

ultraviolet rays

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5
Q

when do the skin and coat color of animals change?

A

adapting to changes in intensity and duration of sunlight

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6
Q

define cutaneous

A

of skin

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7
Q

what are the two main layers of skin?

A

epidermis and dermis

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8
Q

what type of cell makes up the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes

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9
Q

how do keratinocytes form the keratin layer?

A

on the basal layer they multiply and differentiate to lose their nuclei

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10
Q

where is the dermis located?

A

below the epidermis

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11
Q

what makes up the epidermis?

A

fibrous and elastic tissue responsible for providing flexibility and stength

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12
Q

where are sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles, and nerve endings found?

A

dermis

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13
Q

what is the purpose of blood vessels in the dermis?

A
  • provide nutrition to skin
  • maintaining body temperature
  • nerve endings detect pressure, pain, heat/cold
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14
Q

what separates the epidermis from the dermis?

A

basement membrane

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15
Q

what is the function of the basement membrane?

A

regulating back and forth passage of molecules between epidermis and dermis

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16
Q

what is the purpose of the layer of fat below the dermis?

A

provides insulation from varying temperatures and stores energy

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17
Q

The skin is enriched by ______________

A

sensory innervation

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18
Q

which type of hair provides the coat of the skin with a smooth appearance?

A

guard

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19
Q

what is the outermost “scaly” layer of hair called?

A

cuticle

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20
Q

what muscle attaches the proximal end of the follicle to the dermal papillae?

A

erector pili

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21
Q

what causes the erection of hair (goose bumps/hackles)?

A

involuntary contraction of erector pili

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22
Q

when do dogs have seasonal shedding?

A

spring and fall

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23
Q

what type of hair provides a soft undercoat?

A

wool hair

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24
Q

what is the function of wool hair?

A

insulation

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25
Q

which animal is the fleece exclusively comprised of wool hair?

A

sheep

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26
Q

which type of hair is thicker and longer, found around mouth and eyes, whiskers of cats, and associated with nerve endings responsive to touch or mechanical stimulation?

A

tactile

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27
Q

what are plantigrades?

A

footpads pronounced in mammals that walk on their toes and metatarsals

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28
Q

what are examples of plantigrades?

A

humans
bears
non-human primates

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29
Q

what are digitigrades?

A

animals that walk on their digits and toes characterized by the presence of digital and metacarpal pads

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30
Q

examples of digitigrades

A

dogs
cats

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31
Q

Nails, claws and hoofs are basically encasings of the _________ and are very similar in structure.

A

third phalanx

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32
Q

what is the main purpose of nails, claws, and hoofs?

A

protect tissues lying underneath, scratching, digging

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33
Q

where do nails grow from?

A

epidermis

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34
Q

what is the laminae of the epidermis characterized by?

A

folds

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35
Q

what structure is similar to nails but are compressed, curved, and pointed in appearance for a sharp border?

A

claws

36
Q

what is the purpose of claws?

A

weapons or digging

37
Q

what is the underlying dermis that is vascular and sensitive called in horses and dogs and cats?

A

horses = sensitive lamina
dogs and cats = quick

38
Q

what are hooves?

A

casings of the third phalanx in ungulates

39
Q

true or false: hooves continuously grow

A

true

40
Q

where do horns grow out of?

A

cornual process of frontal bone

41
Q

The substance of the horn resembles the hoof wall and is made up of ______________ interspersed with ______________.

A

‘horny’ tubules
‘intertubular horn’

42
Q

true or false: antlers of deer are the same as horns

A

false

43
Q

what are antlers?

A

outgrowth of the skull covered by the skin that eventually get exposed, are shed and regrown again

44
Q

what is velvet?

A

dead skin covering antlers lost by rubbing trees

45
Q

what part of the skull is the eye located?

A

orbit

46
Q

what are the three distinct coats of the eye from superficial to deep?

A

sclera
choroid
retina

47
Q

what is the fibrous, outermost layer of the eye that also has the cornea?

A

sclera

48
Q

what is the cornea?

A

allows the light to pass through the globe of the eye

49
Q

describe the middle layer of the eye

A

vascular layer (choroid)

50
Q

describe the innermost layer of the eye

A

sensitive (retina) on the posterior half of the eye

51
Q

why is the cornea avascular?

A

it would interfere with the passage of light

52
Q

true or false: the sclera has sufficient blood vessels

A

true

53
Q

what is the inside of the eye divided into?

A
  1. region in front of the lens
  2. region behind lens
54
Q

what is the clear gel-like structure/space behind the lens occupied by?

A

vitreous body

55
Q

what is the purpose of the vitreous body?

A

helps focus images on the retina

56
Q

what is in front of the vitreous body that is suspended by ligaments?

A

lens

57
Q

what divides the anterior and posterior chamber of the eye and is like the diaphragm of a camera?

A

iris

58
Q

what is the central opening of the iris?

A

pupil

59
Q

what are the two types of muscles that innervate the pupil?

A

dilators and constrictors

60
Q

the constrictor and dilator muscles of the pupil have ___________ innervation

A

autonomic

61
Q

____________ stimulation will cause the pupil to dilate and ______________ stimulation will cause the pupil to constrict.

A

Sympathetic
parasympathetic

62
Q

what must you do in order to dilate pupils for an eye exam?

A

use a drug that stimulates the sympathetic system (sympathomimetic- a drug that mimics the sympathetic response) or a parasympatholytic (a drug that blocks the parasympathetic system).

63
Q

what is the thin fluid in front of the lens?

A

aqueous humor

64
Q

what may happen if the fluid from the aqueous humor doesn’t get drained properly?

A

increase in pressure within the eyeball leading to glaucoma which leads to blindness

65
Q

what are the photoreceptor cells of the retina?

A

rods and cones

66
Q

what is the purpose of rods and cones?

A

cone cells are for color and rods are for contrast

67
Q

The information passes through a series of neurons in the retina and gets transmitted through the ________

A

optic nerve

68
Q

what are the three functions of the nose?

A
  1. warms and humidifies air that is inhaled
  2. trap dust and particulate matter
  3. helps fight invading organisms by producing mucous secretion
69
Q

what structures covered by the mucous membranes make olfaction possible?

A

dorsal and ethmoturbinate bones

70
Q

what specialized cells are able to detect odor molecules?

A

olfactory neurons

71
Q

the signals from the olfactory neurons are transmitted through nerves that pass through the ___________ of the skull at the back of the nose and reach the _______________

A

cribriform plate
olfactory lobe

72
Q

what are the three parts of the ear?

A
  1. external
  2. middle
  3. inner
73
Q

where does the external ear end?

A

ear drum/tympanic membrane

74
Q

how does the middle ear connect the pharynx?

A

eustachian tube

75
Q

what are the three bones of the eustachian tube?

A

auditory ossicles

76
Q

where is the inner ear found?

A

petrous part of the temporal bone

77
Q

what are the 2 parts of the inner ear and each of its function?

A
  1. vestibular apparatus: maintains balance and detects motion, acceleration, and gyration
  2. cochlea: detects waves
78
Q

The vestibular apparatus has _ semicircular bony canals that are lined by a membrane and filled with a fluid

A

3

79
Q

As the body moves, the fluid in the ear also moves and this movement is detected by specialized cells called hair cells, that are localized to certain spots (_______) within the vestibular apparatus

A

ampullae

80
Q

Stimulation of hair cells in the ear results in nerve impulses that are transmitted along the ________ nerve to the brain.

A

vestibular

81
Q

what structure of the ear looks like a snail shell and is a coiled bony tube divided into 3 compartments?

A

cochlea

82
Q

what is the sensory component of the cochlea that has hair cells that detect vibrations of sound waves called?

A

organ of corti

83
Q

The cells found at the _____ of the cochlea detect high frequencies and those at the ____ detect low frequencies

A

base
apex

84
Q

Nerve impulses from the cochlea and the vestibular apparatus pass through the
___________________ to the brain.

A

vestibulocochlear nerve

85
Q

what are the two purposes of the tongue?

A
  1. prehension to grab food
  2. gustation
86
Q

what are the different types of papillae?

A
  • filiform
  • fungiform
  • foliate
  • circumvallate
87
Q

what cells make up the taste buds?

A

gustatory
support

prevet anatomy (13 decks)

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