hindlimb Flashcards
what three bones do the pelvic girdle consist of?
ilium
ischium
pubis
what is the acetabulum?
articular surface for the head of the femur
The pelvic girdle articulates with the _____ dorsally and the ______ laterally.
sacrum
femur
describe the femur
- one of strongest bones in body
- proximal end features “the head” located on medial side
- articulates with acetabular cavity of pelvic girdle
what is on the lateral aspect of the femur?
greater and lesser trochanters
on the distal end of the femur, where do the two condyles articulate with?
tibia and trochlea for articulation with the patella
which species has third trochanter of the femur?
horse
what is the patella?
- kneecap
- sesamoid bone associated with the stifle joint
- moves over trochlea on distal end of femur
true or false: the tibia and fibula cross over like the radius and ulna
false
the tibia is located ________ and is the larger of the two bones
medially
the fibula is located _________
laterally
describe the proximal extremity of the tibia
- wider
- two condyles for articulating with the distal end of the femur
what is the cranial aspect of the tibia?
tibial tuberosity
what does the distal end of the tibia present?
cochlea
what is the cochlea specifically shaped to articulate with?
trochlea of the talus
how is the fibula separated from the tibia?
interosseous space
how many rows are the tarsal bones arranged?
three
what two large bones does the proximal row of the tarsal bones contain?
talus
calcaneus
what bone does the middle row of the tarsal bones consist of?
central tarsal bone
how many bones does the distal row of the tarsal bones consist of?
four, numbered from medial to lateral
what joint is formed between the head of the femur and acetabular cavity?
hip joint
what ligament strengthens the hip joint
ligament of the head of the femur
which joint is one of the most elaborate joints in the body and corresponds to the human knee joint?
stifle joint
in the horse, which patellar ligament can be cut to relieve a locked patella?
medial patellar ligament
how many levels of joints is the tarsal joint characterized by and because of what?
four
because of three rows of tarsal bones
what three muscles does the gluteus group consist of?
superficial, middle, deep gluteals
where is the superficial gluteal muscle located and innervated by which nerve?
caudally
caudal gluteal nerve
where are the middle and deep gluteals located and innervated by which nerve?
cranially
cranial gluteal nerve
what muscle does the adductor group contain and innervated by which nerve?
gracilis
pectineus
adductor and external obturator
obturator nerve
what muscles do the hamstrings contain?
biceps femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
what groups act on the stifle joint?
extensor and flexor group of muscles
what is the major extensor group of the stifle joint?
quadriceps femoris
what nerve is the quadriceps femoris innervated by and why is it important?
femoral nerve, important for bearing weight
what group acts on the tarsal and digital joint?
extensors and flexors of the hock and digits
Muscles that are located in the craniolateral region of the leg typically flex the hock, why can they also extend the digit?
because of flexion angle differences between the hock and digit
list the muscles that can flex the hock and extend the digit and which nerve are they innervated by?
cranial tibial
peroneus longus
long and lateral digital extensors
common peroneal nerve (branch of the sciatic nerve)
list the muscles included in the caudal group on the leg that extend the hock and flex the digits and which nerve are they innervated by?
gastrocnemius
superficial digital flexor
deep digital flexor
tibial nerve
what is the principal artery that provides blood supply to the hind limb?
external iliac artery
once the external iliac artery travels down the thigh and leg region, it branches out and the name changes to what?
femoral artery and cranial tibial artery
what does the cranial tibial artery turn into and what is it responsible for?
dorsal pedal artery
- supplies blood to distal limb
what is the stay and reciprocal apparatus in horses?
ligaments and tendons of the hindlimb in the horse, provide appropriate support
how many patellar ligaments are there in horses?
3
Through a complex action of multiple muscles, these ligaments lock the patella in the ____ joint. (stay apparatus)
stifle
what are the two components of the reciprocal apparatus?
tendons of the peroneus
superficial digital flexor
The two components of the reciprocal apparatus flex the ____ when the stifle is flexed and extend the _____ when the stifle is extended.
hock
