respiratory system Flashcards
what does the respiratory system consist of?
nose
larynx
trachea
bronchial tree
lungs
the respiratory system is critical for breathing in __ and breathing out ___
oxygen
carbon dioxide
what is respiration regulated and coordinated by?
centers in the brain
nostrils
lungs
intercostal muscles
diaphragm
heart
what are nares?
external opening through which animal inhales and exhales air
list functions of the nose
- filter air
- humidify air
- modify temperature of inhaled air
- smell
- eliminate irritants and infectious agents entering nose by secreting mucus or serous secretions
- local immune response
how is the nasal cavity divided into two halves?
septum
what is the ethmoturbinate?
specialized turbinate that has a large number of sensory neurons for olfaction
each half of the nasal cavity has how many turbinates?
3 or 4
what are the two turbinates?
dorsal and ventral
which turbinate is more elaborate?
ventral
what do the turbinates divide the nasal cavity into?
3 meati (dorsal, middle, ventral)
what lies under the nasal cavity?
hard palate
what is the core of the hard palate made of?
palatine process of maxillary bone and lines by oral mucosa on the ventral aspect and nasal mucosa on dorsal aspect
true or false: the nasal mucosa is highly vascular
true
what is the purpose of cilia in the respiratory system?
trap particulate matter and some organisms
what do the goblet cells do?
produce mucus
what is the purpose of serous fluid secreted from the glands in the mucosa?
keeps nasal cavity moist and humidifies air passing through it
which species does the nasal septum extend the whole length of the hard palate?
horse
why can’t the horse vomit?
since the nasal cavity communicates with the pharynx directly
if a horse does vomit, where does it expel through?
nostrils
in dogs and ruminants, what is followed by the hard palate?
soft palate
what facilitates cud chewing?
the one common opening from the nasal cavity to the pharynx
what is cud chewing in ruminants?
where they regurgitate coarse food particles into the oral cavity, chew them into finer particles and swallow them once again
what are paranasal sinuses?
diverticula of the nasal cavity that delve into the bones of the skull
true or false: sinuses open into the nasal cavity only indirectly
false: directly and indirectly
why can blocks in the sinuses result in congestion?
because the openings of the sinuses into the nasal cavity are small and narrow
In general, most species have both ______ and ________ sinuses in each half of the skull. However, the sinuses of the two sides don’t communicate with each other.
frontal
maxillary
which species is the maxillary sinuses very elaborate?
horses
which species is the frontal sinuses very elaborate?
bovine
what does the dog have instead of a distinct maxillary sinus?
maxillary recess
what are the possible functions of the sinuses?
- provide protection
- enlarge surface area
- provide resonance to voice
what is the larynx also referred to as?
voice box
what connects the pharynx to the trachea?
larynx
what series of bones connects the larynx to the base of the skull?
hyoid apparatus
what cartilage is the larynx composed of?
epiglottis
arytenoid
thyroid
cricoid
what is the most important function of the larynx?
protect lower portions of the respiratory tract from entry of food and water via muscles
what is known as the windpipe that runs from the larynx and splits in two above the heart?
trachea
what are the branches called from the trachea?
bronchi
what forms the fibrocartilagneous part of the trachea that are cartilagneous and incomplete to facilitate expansion?
trahceal rings
what smooth muscle are the ends of the tracheal rings connected by?
trachealis muscle
what is the innermost layer of trachea lined by?
mucous membrane
what are the smaller branches of bronchi?
bronchioles
where do the bronchioles terminate at?
alveolar duct
where does air exchange take place?
alveolar duct
what are the specialized cells of the alveoli?
pneumocytes
true or false: the alveoli are lined by a thin epithelium and have lots of capillaries to facilitate air exchange
true
which lung is larger?
right
what lobes are the left lobe of the dog divided into?
cranial
middle
caudal
what additional lobe does the right lung have?
accessory
what serous membrane is the lungs lined by?
pleura
what is the pleura that directly lines the lungs?
visceral/pulmonary
what is the pleura that lines the diaphragm or ribs?
diaphragmatic/costal pleura
As the animal inhales air, it gets humidified and warmed by the nostrils. list the pathway air follows from here.
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveolar duct
alveoli
Oxygen gets transferred to the blood and ___ from the blood gets transferred to the air in the ______.
CO2
alveoli
true or false: air passes out the same way it came in and gets exhaled
true
which vessel brings in unoxygenated blood to the lungs and gets it oxygenated?
pulmonary artery
which vessel does oxygenated blood travel through to reach the heart when it gets pumped to the rest of the body
pulmonary vein
what happens if respiration stops?
the brain and other tissues will lose oxygen supply and the heart will eventually stop pumping
