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prevet anatomy > cardiovascular system > Flashcards

cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four chambers of the mammalian heart?

A

left and right atrium
left and right ventricle

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2
Q

what are the atria and ventricles separated by?

A

AV valves

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3
Q

what are the two sides of the heart separated by?

A

septum

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4
Q

what is the septum that separates the ventricles?

A

interventricular septum

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5
Q

what form of network are the cardiac muscles arranged?

A

syncytium

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6
Q

describe how syncytium works

A

makes all fibers contract together at the same time

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7
Q

how are the atria and ventricles able to contract in a coordinated fashion to pump blood?

A

syncytium

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8
Q

true or false: the heart does not have an intrinsic contracting ability without a stimulus

A

false: The heart does have intrinsic contracting ability in the absence of a stimulus.

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9
Q

where does the impulse of contraction originate from?

A

sinoatrial node

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10
Q

contractions of the heart are transmitted to the AV node where it’s propagated to the rest of the heart through what specialized fibers?

A

purkinje fibers

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11
Q

what do purkinje fibers form?

A

bundle of his

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12
Q

how can the heart rate be increased or decreased?

A

autonomic nerves

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13
Q

what is the functional blood supply?

A

most of the blood that the heart pumps and goes to the rest of the body

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14
Q

nutrient supply to the heart is through a small fraction of the blood that is distributed through the ______________________

A

coronary blood vessels

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15
Q

specialized muscles in ventricles that are attached to the AV valve

A

papillary muscles

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16
Q

thick cords that attach the papillary muscles to the valves

A

chordae tendinae

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17
Q

inside of the heart covered by thin membrane

A

endocardium

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18
Q

what membrane is the heart muscles itself lined by?

A

myocardium

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19
Q

what thin membrane lines the outside of the heart?

A

epicardium

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20
Q

which ventricular wall is thicker? right or left?

A

left

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21
Q

what runs around the heart separating the atria from the ventricles?

A

coronary groove

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22
Q

why is the left ventricle larger than the right?

A

the left has to be strong enough to pump blood through the aorta to the rest of the body which causes the left ventricle to extend to both the right and left side of the heart

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23
Q

what two grooves separate the right and left ventricle?

A

paraconal and subsinosal grooves

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24
Q

the paraconal groove is found beside the _____________ which is a cone-shaped prominence on the right ventricle from which the pulmonary trunk arises

A

conus arteriosus

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25
Q

The subsinosal groove is found below the ____________ that is located in the right atrium.

A

coronary sinus

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26
Q

what is the coronary sinus?

A

“pool” that collects venous blood from the heart muscle

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27
Q

what is the fibrous sac that covers the heart?

A

pericardial sac

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28
Q

what fluid does the pericardial sac contain?

A

pericardial fluid

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29
Q

what are the three layers of the arteries?

A

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia

30
Q

describe tunica intima

A
  • thinnest layer
  • endothelial cells surrounded by connective tissue
31
Q

describe tunica media

A
  • thickest layer
  • consists of elastic fibers, connective tissue, vascular smooth muscles
32
Q

describe tunica adventitia

A
  • made of connective tissue
  • contains nerves that regulate the vessels
33
Q

what is the purpose of arteries?

A
  • carry blood from the heart to various organs
  • relax and contract in rhythm with heart and maintain blood pressure
34
Q

what is the purpose of veins?

A
  • carry blood to heart
  • dilate to accommodate the increase in blood volume
35
Q

what is the purpose of capillaries?

A
  • act as bridge between arteries and veins
  • thin walls that allow for nutrients including oxygen to pass from blood to tissues as well as substances from tissues back into circulation
36
Q

oxygenated blood is pumped through arteries BUT what is the one exception?

A

pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood

37
Q

Blood pressure continues to drop from larger arteries to smaller arteries, arterioles and is the least when it reaches the __________

A

capillary bed

38
Q

Venous blood from the parts of the body that are caudal to the heart drain into the _________________

A

caudal vena cava

38
Q

Venous blood from the parts of the body that are caudal to the heart drain into the _________________

A

caudal vena cava

39
Q

Venous blood from parts of the body that are cranial to the heart drain into the __________________

A

cranial vena cava

40
Q

list the layers of the pericardium from superficial to deep

A

fibrous
serous (parietal)
(pericardial fluid)
serous (visceral)
heart muscle

41
Q

true or false: the lungs are not functional in the womb

A

true

42
Q

during development, blood that flows from the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk gets shunted to the aorta through a connecting blood vessel called the ______________

A

ductus arteriosus

43
Q

if the ductus arteriosus continues to remain open after birth instead of being sealed and fibrosed, what may result?

A

patent ductus arteriosus- improper oxygenation of blood

44
Q

how is the blood from the right atrium shunted to the left atrium?

A

foramen ovale

45
Q

if the foramen ovale remains partially open after birth, what is it called and what happens?

A

patent foramen ovale
- does not cause much harm

46
Q

what is interventricular septal defect?

A

opening in the interventricular septum in fetus causing death of the newborn

47
Q

purpose of common carotid arteries

A

supply blood to head

48
Q

subclavian arteries

A

supply blood to head, neck, thoracic wall and forelimbs

49
Q

intercostal arteries

A

in thorax

50
Q

arteries to digestive organs

A

unpaired-celiac, cranial and caudal mesenteric

51
Q

renal arteries

A

kidneys

52
Q

how many chambers of the heart do all domestic species have?

A

4

53
Q

what is the fibrous connective tissue that separates the atria from the ventricles that has islands of fibrocartilage that can be ossified to form bony structures and which species is this found in?

A

ossa cordis
bovine

54
Q

in equines, the right coronary artery supplies __% of the myocardium and the left coronary artery __%

A

70
30

55
Q

in domestic species besides the horse, both the right and left coronary arteries supply __% of the myocardium

A

50

56
Q

in larger species, how do the brachiocephalic trunk, subclavian arteries and carotid arteries compare to domestic species like pigs and dogs?

A

from the brachiocephalic trunk, the subclavian arteries and carotid arteries are paired in species like horses and ox

57
Q

what are lymphatic vessels lined with?

A

endothelial cells
smooth muscles
connective tissue (adventitia)

58
Q

how does lymph flow in vessels?

A

by gravitational force and hydrostatic pressure from surrounding tissues

59
Q

what do afferent lymph vessels do?

A

bring lymph into lymph nodes

60
Q

which lymph vessels enter the lymph nodes and form a plexus and open into the lymph sinuses of the cortex of the lymph nodes?

A

afferent

61
Q

what do efferent lymph vessels do?

A

carry filtered lymph from lymph nodes

62
Q

which lymph vessels start from the lymph nodes and drain into other lymph nodes in the path of drainage or into veins?

A

efferent

63
Q

how do lymph movement move across the lymphatic vessels?

A

contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles in the lymph vessels and is aided in their efforts by valves

64
Q

what is the main function of lymph vessels?

A

primarily transport lymph from the tissues to the circulation.

65
Q

what is lymph?

A

pale fluid that contains proteins, a few white blood cells and molecules that are too large to diffuse from tissues into the venous capillaries

66
Q

where do small lymph vessels arise blindly from?

A

interstitial space

67
Q

larger lymph vessels ultimately drain into what?

A

thoracic duct which empties into the vena cava

68
Q

what do lymph nodes do?

A

help monitor local infections, inflammation etc. very much like a check point.

This is part of the body’s surveillance system.

69
Q

true or false: arteries have valves

A

false

70
Q

true or false: veins and lymphatics have very low pressure and contain valves to facilitate uni-directional flow of fluid

A

true

prevet anatomy (13 decks)

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