bones, joints, muscle, ligaments, tendons, and connective tissue

Question 1

why are bones important for skeletal structures?

Answer 1

• give shape to the body
• provide for attachment of muscles
• ligaments and tendons and help in locomotion

Question 2

what are the four types of bone?

Answer 2

long
short
flat
irregular

Question 3

examples of long bone

Answer 3

humerus
femur

Question 4

examples of short bones

Answer 4

carpal and tarsal bones

Question 5

examples of flat bone

Answer 5

bones of skull

Question 6

examples of irregular bone

Answer 6

vertebrae
bones of inner ear

Question 7

define diaphysis

Answer 7

shaft of long bones

Question 8

define epiphyses

Answer 8

two ends of the diaphysis

Question 9

what is the epiphyseal cartilage and its importance?

Answer 9

cartilage that separates the epiphysis and diaphysis in young animals

helps in the growth of long bones

Question 10

what happens to epiphyseal cartilage as animals mature?

Answer 10

cartilages become ossified and growth is no longer possible

Question 11

define periosteum

Answer 11

membrane covering the bone

Question 12

what is the outermost edge of long bone made of?

Answer 12

compact bone

Question 13

what is the inside of the bone made of?

Answer 13

spongy bone

Question 14

what is spongy bone composed of?

Answer 14

lattice of interweaving plates and spicules

Question 15

true or false: spongy bone is prominent on only one end of long bones

Answer 15

false, both ends

Question 16

The shaft has a _______ cavity.

Answer 16

medullary

Question 17

The spaces in the spongy bone and the medullary cavity contain __________

Answer 17

bone marrow

Question 18

the matrix is organic and made of what?

Answer 18

collagen but is mineralized by calcium and phosphate deposits

Question 19

what are osetocytes?

Answer 19

living cells in bone

Question 20

what is the space that osteocytes reside in?

Answer 20

lacunae

Question 21

define lamellae

Answer 21

osteocytes arranged in concentric circles

Question 22

define caput

Answer 22

head

Question 23

what is Tubercle/tuberosity/process?

Answer 23

bony prominence

Question 24

define condyle

Answer 24

rounded protuberance that articulates with another bone

Question 25

define fossa

Answer 25

depression on the bone

Question 26

define fovea

Answer 26

smaller depression on the bone

Question 27

define foramen

Answer 27

a hole in the bone that usually contains a blood vessel or nerve

Question 28

define spine or spinous process

Answer 28

sharp projection from the bone.

Question 29

define groove

Answer 29

smooth space on the surface of the bone that is occupied by a muscle or another structure

Question 30

Bones “articulate” with each other to form ____

Answer 30

joints

Question 31

what is cartilage

Answer 31

- specialized tissue that protects the bony surfaces and prevents them from rubbing against each other - covers the articular surfaces of bone

Question 32

what are the three different types of joints

Answer 32

1. fibrous 2. cartilaginous 3. synovial

Question 33

what are fibrous joints also called and where are they present?

Answer 33

present between bones of the skull and are usually called “sutures”

Question 34

what are the two cartilaginous joints and give examples?

Answer 34

temporary (epiphyseal cartilages in long bones) or permanent (between successive vertebrae in the spinal column).

Question 35

what are synovial joints?

Answer 35

Articular surfaces are separated by a fluid-filled space

Question 36

which joint is frequently seen when movement is involved? what is an example?

Answer 36

synovial ex. shoulder joint: between the scapula and the head of the humerus, between the tibia and fibula

Question 37

what are ligaments of the skeleton?

Answer 37

tough fibrous structures that are used to stabilize joints

Question 38

histologically, what are ligaments made of and what can it be classified as?

Answer 38

thick collagen fibers that are well organized as parallel bundles - dense regular collagenous connective tissue

Question 39

what is the purpose of ligaments found associated with visceral organs?

Answer 39

to suspend them in body cavities or provide attachment to other structures

Question 40

what are tendons and what is its purpose?

Answer 40

bundles of dense regular connective tissue - tough, permit some stretching and provide a strong attachment for the muscles - transmit forces from the muscle to the bone facilitating movement of bones in response to muscle contraction or relaxation

Question 41

what is fascia?

Answer 41

connective tissue present between the skin and underlying tissue

Question 42

why is fascia called loose irregular connective tissue?

Answer 42

it is flimsy and has fewer collagen fibers and connective tissue cells

Question 43

true or false: fascia supports blood vessels and nerves that run through it

Answer 43

true

Question 44

overall, what does muscle do?

Answer 44

give form to the body

Question 45

muscle are made of bundles of ________

Answer 45

myofibers

Question 46

what are the three basic types of muscle and describe them

Answer 46

1. Skeletal muscle: attached to bones, under voluntary control 2. Smooth muscle: found in internal organs and blood vessels, under involuntary control 3. Cardiac muscle: found only in the heart and has an intrinsic capacity to contract and relax (generate a heart beat)

Question 47

what filaments give rise to skeletal muscle striation?

Answer 47

Actin and myosin filaments

Question 48

which types of muscle has striations, is branched, and has centrally placed nuclei?

Answer 48

cardiac

Question 49

what does the branching of cardiac muscle allow for?

Answer 49

contraction to pass between different muscle fibers quickly permitting all of the heart chamber to contract or relax at one time

Question 50

define extensors

Answer 50

help to extend the limbs

Question 51

define flexors

Answer 51

flex the limb

Question 52

define adductors

Answer 52

move the limbs towards the body

Question 53

define abductors

Answer 53

move limbs away from the body.

Question 54

define retractors

Answer 54

retract structures into the body

Question 55

what does the muscle name ending in "longus" mean?

Answer 55

muscle is long

Question 56

what does the muscle name ending in "brevis" mean?

Answer 56

short

Question 57

define rectus

Answer 57

straight muscle

Question 58

define obliquus

Answer 58

an oblique muscle

Question 59

define orbicularis

Answer 59

circular muscle

Question 60

define sphincters

Answer 60

muscles around openings to help them open and close