bones, joints, muscle, ligaments, tendons, and connective tissue Flashcards
why are bones important for skeletal structures?
- give shape to the body
- provide for attachment of muscles
- ligaments and tendons and help in locomotion
what are the four types of bone?
long
short
flat
irregular
examples of long bone
humerus
femur
examples of short bones
carpal and tarsal bones
examples of flat bone
bones of skull
examples of irregular bone
vertebrae
bones of inner ear
define diaphysis
shaft of long bones
define epiphyses
two ends of the diaphysis
what is the epiphyseal cartilage and its importance?
cartilage that separates the epiphysis and diaphysis in young animals
helps in the growth of long bones
what happens to epiphyseal cartilage as animals mature?
cartilages become ossified and growth is no longer possible
define periosteum
membrane covering the bone
what is the outermost edge of long bone made of?
compact bone
what is the inside of the bone made of?
spongy bone
what is spongy bone composed of?
lattice of interweaving plates and spicules
true or false: spongy bone is prominent on only one end of long bones
false, both ends
The shaft has a _______ cavity.
medullary
The spaces in the spongy bone and the medullary cavity contain __________
bone marrow
the matrix is organic and made of what?
collagen but is mineralized by calcium and phosphate deposits
what are osetocytes?
living cells in bone
what is the space that osteocytes reside in?
lacunae
define lamellae
osteocytes arranged in concentric circles
define caput
head
what is Tubercle/tuberosity/process?
bony prominence
define condyle
rounded protuberance that articulates with another bone
define fossa
depression on the bone
define fovea
smaller depression on the bone
define foramen
a hole in the bone that usually contains a blood vessel or nerve
define spine or spinous process
sharp projection from the bone.
define groove
smooth space on the surface of the bone that is occupied by a muscle or another structure
Bones “articulate” with each other to form ____
joints
what is cartilage
- specialized tissue that protects the bony surfaces and prevents them from rubbing against each other
- covers the articular surfaces of bone
what are the three different types of joints
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial
what are fibrous joints also called and where are they present?
present between bones of the skull and are usually called “sutures”
what are the two cartilaginous joints and give examples?
temporary (epiphyseal cartilages in long bones) or permanent (between successive vertebrae in the spinal column).
what are synovial joints?
Articular surfaces are separated by a fluid-filled space
which joint is frequently seen when movement is involved? what is an example?
synovial
ex. shoulder joint: between the scapula and the head of the humerus, between the tibia and fibula
what are ligaments of the skeleton?
tough fibrous structures that are used to stabilize joints
histologically, what are ligaments made of and what can it be classified as?
thick collagen fibers that are well organized as parallel bundles
- dense regular collagenous connective tissue
what is the purpose of ligaments found associated with visceral organs?
to suspend them in body cavities or provide attachment to other structures
what are tendons and what is its purpose?
bundles of dense regular connective tissue
- tough, permit some stretching and provide a strong attachment for the muscles
- transmit forces from the muscle to the bone facilitating movement of bones in response to muscle contraction or relaxation
what is fascia?
connective tissue present between the skin and underlying tissue
why is fascia called loose irregular connective tissue?
it is flimsy and has fewer collagen fibers and connective tissue cells
true or false: fascia supports blood vessels and nerves that run through it
true
overall, what does muscle do?
give form to the body
muscle are made of bundles of ________
myofibers
what are the three basic types of muscle and describe them
- Skeletal muscle: attached to bones, under voluntary control
- Smooth muscle: found in internal organs and blood vessels, under involuntary control
- Cardiac muscle: found only in the heart and has an intrinsic capacity to contract and relax (generate a heart beat)
what filaments give rise to skeletal muscle striation?
Actin and myosin filaments
which types of muscle has striations, is branched, and has centrally placed nuclei?
cardiac
what does the branching of cardiac muscle allow for?
contraction to pass between different muscle fibers quickly permitting all of the heart chamber to contract or relax at one time
define extensors
help to extend the limbs
define flexors
flex the limb
define adductors
move the limbs towards the body
define abductors
move limbs away from the body.
define retractors
retract structures into the body
what does the muscle name ending in “longus” mean?
muscle is long
what does the muscle name ending in “brevis” mean?
short
define rectus
straight muscle
define obliquus
an oblique muscle
define orbicularis
circular muscle
define sphincters
muscles around openings to help them open and close
