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prevet anatomy > bones, joints, muscle, ligaments, tendons, and connective tissue > Flashcards

bones, joints, muscle, ligaments, tendons, and connective tissue Flashcards

1
Q

why are bones important for skeletal structures?

A
  • give shape to the body
  • provide for attachment of muscles
  • ligaments and tendons and help in locomotion
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2
Q

what are the four types of bone?

A

long
short
flat
irregular

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3
Q

examples of long bone

A

humerus
femur

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4
Q

examples of short bones

A

carpal and tarsal bones

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5
Q

examples of flat bone

A

bones of skull

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6
Q

examples of irregular bone

A

vertebrae
bones of inner ear

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7
Q

define diaphysis

A

shaft of long bones

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8
Q

define epiphyses

A

two ends of the diaphysis

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9
Q

what is the epiphyseal cartilage and its importance?

A

cartilage that separates the epiphysis and diaphysis in young animals

helps in the growth of long bones

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10
Q

what happens to epiphyseal cartilage as animals mature?

A

cartilages become ossified and growth is no longer possible

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11
Q

define periosteum

A

membrane covering the bone

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12
Q

what is the outermost edge of long bone made of?

A

compact bone

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13
Q

what is the inside of the bone made of?

A

spongy bone

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14
Q

what is spongy bone composed of?

A

lattice of interweaving plates and spicules

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15
Q

true or false: spongy bone is prominent on only one end of long bones

A

false, both ends

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16
Q

The shaft has a _______ cavity.

A

medullary

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17
Q

The spaces in the spongy bone and the medullary cavity contain __________

A

bone marrow

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18
Q

the matrix is organic and made of what?

A

collagen but is mineralized by calcium and phosphate deposits

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19
Q

what are osetocytes?

A

living cells in bone

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20
Q

what is the space that osteocytes reside in?

A

lacunae

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21
Q

define lamellae

A

osteocytes arranged in concentric circles

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22
Q

define caput

A

head

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23
Q

what is Tubercle/tuberosity/process?

A

bony prominence

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24
Q

define condyle

A

rounded protuberance that articulates with another bone

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25
Q

define fossa

A

depression on the bone

26
Q

define fovea

A

smaller depression on the bone

27
Q

define foramen

A

a hole in the bone that usually contains a blood vessel or nerve

28
Q

define spine or spinous process

A

sharp projection from the bone.

29
Q

define groove

A

smooth space on the surface of the bone that is occupied by a muscle or another structure

30
Q

Bones “articulate” with each other to form ____

A

joints

31
Q

what is cartilage

A
  • specialized tissue that protects the bony surfaces and prevents them from rubbing against each other
  • covers the articular surfaces of bone
32
Q

what are the three different types of joints

A
  1. fibrous
  2. cartilaginous
  3. synovial
33
Q

what are fibrous joints also called and where are they present?

A

present between bones of the skull and are usually called “sutures”

34
Q

what are the two cartilaginous joints and give examples?

A

temporary (epiphyseal cartilages in long bones) or permanent (between successive vertebrae in the spinal column).

35
Q

what are synovial joints?

A

Articular surfaces are separated by a fluid-filled space

36
Q

which joint is frequently seen when movement is involved? what is an example?

A

synovial
ex. shoulder joint: between the scapula and the head of the humerus, between the tibia and fibula

37
Q

what are ligaments of the skeleton?

A

tough fibrous structures that are used to stabilize joints

38
Q

histologically, what are ligaments made of and what can it be classified as?

A

thick collagen fibers that are well organized as parallel bundles
- dense regular collagenous connective tissue

39
Q

what is the purpose of ligaments found associated with visceral organs?

A

to suspend them in body cavities or provide attachment to other structures

40
Q

what are tendons and what is its purpose?

A

bundles of dense regular connective tissue
- tough, permit some stretching and provide a strong attachment for the muscles
- transmit forces from the muscle to the bone facilitating movement of bones in response to muscle contraction or relaxation

41
Q

what is fascia?

A

connective tissue present between the skin and underlying tissue

42
Q

why is fascia called loose irregular connective tissue?

A

it is flimsy and has fewer collagen fibers and connective tissue cells

43
Q

true or false: fascia supports blood vessels and nerves that run through it

A

true

44
Q

overall, what does muscle do?

A

give form to the body

45
Q

muscle are made of bundles of ________

A

myofibers

46
Q

what are the three basic types of muscle and describe them

A
  1. Skeletal muscle: attached to bones, under voluntary control
  2. Smooth muscle: found in internal organs and blood vessels, under involuntary control
  3. Cardiac muscle: found only in the heart and has an intrinsic capacity to contract and relax (generate a heart beat)
47
Q

what filaments give rise to skeletal muscle striation?

A

Actin and myosin filaments

48
Q

which types of muscle has striations, is branched, and has centrally placed nuclei?

A

cardiac

49
Q

what does the branching of cardiac muscle allow for?

A

contraction to pass between different muscle fibers quickly permitting all of the heart chamber to contract or relax at one time

50
Q

define extensors

A

help to extend the limbs

51
Q

define flexors

A

flex the limb

52
Q

define adductors

A

move the limbs towards the body

53
Q

define abductors

A

move limbs away from the body.

54
Q

define retractors

A

retract structures into the body

55
Q

what does the muscle name ending in “longus” mean?

A

muscle is long

56
Q

what does the muscle name ending in “brevis” mean?

A

short

57
Q

define rectus

A

straight muscle

58
Q

define obliquus

A

an oblique muscle

59
Q

define orbicularis

A

circular muscle

60
Q

define sphincters

A

muscles around openings to help them open and close

prevet anatomy (13 decks)

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