digestive system Flashcards
what structures does the alimentary canal include?
mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
anus
what are the organs of prehension used for?
taking in food
what do cattle use as prehension?
tongue
what do horses use as prehension?
lips
what are the two parts of the teeth?
crown
root
what is the outermost layer and found covering the crown of the teeth?
enamel
what is the purpose of enamel?
protects the tooth from damage by whatever the animal ingests including acids produced in the mouth
what is the layer after enamel?
dentin
what is the innermost core of the teeth that have blood supply, odontoblasts, and nerves?
pulp
what do odontoblasts secrete?
dentin
how can teeth be classified based on the crown?
hypsodont
brachydont
which species are hypsodont?
herbivores- equine, bovine, sheep and goat
which species are brachydont?
carnivores
which teeth are referred to as cheek teeth?
premolars and molars
what are the three salivary glands of domestic species?
parotid
mandibular
zygomatic
what is an example of enzymes secreted from the salivary glands?
amylase for digestion of sugars
what is the pharynx?
passage that passes the food from mouth to esophagus
what part of the pharynx is related to or directs food from the mouth to the esophagus?
oropharynx
what part of the pharynx conveys the air from the nose to trachea?
nasopharynx
what is the muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach and has variable amounts of skeletal and smooth muscle?
esophagus
what species is the skeletal muscle component is large because the animals have to regurgitate large food particles back to the mouth to grind them down into smaller particles before swallowing them?
bovines
what type of stomach is a one chambered?
monogastric
what type of stomach has multiple chambers?
ruminant
what are the five distinct parts of the monogastric stomach?
- cardia (stomach where esophagus enters)
- fundus
- body
- pyloric antrum
- pylorus (where duodenum starts)
what type of animals are known as foregut fermenters?
ruminant
what are the four chambers of the ruminant stomach?
rumen
reticulum
omasum
abomasum
what is the function of the rumen?
microbial fermentation via microflora
material of the ruminant flows freely between which two compartments?
rumen and reticulum
which compartment of the ruminant stomach is characterized by folds and absorbs mainly water?
omasum
which chamber of the ruminant stomach is involved in chemical digestion?
abomasum
the rumen and reticulum occupy which side of the abdomen?
left
the omasum occupies the space around what side of the abdomen?
midline on the floor
the abomasum occupies which aspect of the abdomen?
right cranial
true or false: the sections of the small intestine for ruminants vs monogastrics are different
false: remain the same
how do the small intestines begin that are relatively short and is primarily located near the upper (dorsal) quarter of the abdominal cavity?
duodenum
what continues from the duodenum and is organized as coils that are supported by the mesentery?
jejunum
what is the longest section of the small intestine?
jejunum
what is the jejunum followed by which is very short?
ileum
what represents the last section of the small intestine?
ileum
what marks the beginning of the large intestine and is the most important part of it in hindgut fermenters (horses)?
cecum
what part of the large intestine is comma shaped?
cecum
The base of the cecum is located at the ___________ and the body extends down right along the midline of the abdominal cavity and the apex of the stomach is located on the floor and almost reaches the xiphoid cartilage of the sternum
paralumbar fossa
which species is the secum sacculated and has bands?
horses
what are sacculations referred to as?
haustra
what are bands referred to as?
tenia (“tape”)
what begins from the cecum?
ascending colon
Ascending colon continues as the ____________ and descends down caudally as the_______________, which ends as the rectum.
transverse colon
descending colon
what is also referred to as the small colon?
descending colon
what provides arterial blood supply to the entire digestive system?
arteries from the aorta
what provides blood supply to the stomach and duodenum?
gastric and splenic branches of the coeliac artery from the aorta
what provides blood supply to the jejunum, ileum, cecum and ascending colon?
cranial mesenteric artery coming of the aorta
what provides blood supply to the descending colon?
caudal mesenteric artery branching from the aorta
The neural innervation to the digestive system comes primarily from which nervous system?
autonomic nervous system
what provides parasympathetic innervation to the entire digestive tract?
vagus
what provides sympathetic innervation to the digestive tract?
coeliaco-cranial mesenteric ganglion and plexus and the caudal mesenteric ganglia
The blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves run along the _______ that suspends the intestines in the abdominal cavity.
mesentery
what is the peritoneum?
serous membrane that lines the inside of the abdominal cavity
what is the peritoneum that lines the abdominal wall?
parietal peritoneum
what is the peritoneum that lines the viscera?
visceral peritoneum
what is the space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum that is always filled with small amount of clear, pale yellow fluid?
peritoneal cavity
