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prevet anatomy > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

sagittal plane

A

left and right hemispheres (parallel to ground)

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2
Q

frontal plane

A

dorsal and ventral sections

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3
Q

transverse plane

A

perpendicular to long axis and divides into cranial and caudal

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4
Q

diastema

A

space between canines and premolars

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5
Q

three components of connective tissue

A

fibers
ground substance
cells

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6
Q

what are the three types of fiber?

A

collagenous, elastic, reticular

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7
Q

describe collagenous fiber

A

most abundant
consists of protein collagen (tendons, ligaments, skin, cartilage, bone)
helps tissue bind

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8
Q

describe elastic fiber

A

consists of elastin (extracellular matrix
facilitates recoiling in structures like arteries and lungs

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9
Q

describe reticular fiber

A

contains protein reticulum
provides scaffolding for other cells in structures such as liver and lymphoid organs

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10
Q

what is ground substance and give an example

A

consists of formless matrix and has large carbohydrates and complexes containing protein and carbohydrates
ex. glycosaminoglycans

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11
Q

name the two types of cells in terms of connective tissue and provide and example

A
  1. stationary
    ex. fibroblasts and adipocytes
  2. migrating
    ex. mast cells, macrophages, monocytes, lymphocytes
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12
Q

describe loose connective tissue and provide examples

A

most common
supports organs and serves to provide attachment for epithelial tissue to other underlying tissue
ex. arelor and fascia

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13
Q

describe dense connective tissue and provide an example

A

bundles of collagen and fibroblasts
substance divides into dense regular and dense irregular
ex. tendons and ligaments

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14
Q

list examples of specialized connective tissue

A

bone, blood, cartilage

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15
Q

what are other three support tissue that are not connective tissue?

A

epithelial
nervous
muscle tissue

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16
Q

what do arteries do

A
  • carry blood from heart to other organs and tissue
  • are elastic in nature, relax and contract in rhythm with heart and maintain blood pressure
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17
Q

what are veins

A

carry blood to the heart
same three layers as arteries but thinner
capacity to dilate to accommodate an increase in blood volume

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18
Q

what are capillaries?

A

act as bridge between arteries and vein

thin walls allow for nutrients like oxygen to pass from blood to tissue as well as substances from tissue back into circulation

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19
Q

describe the pathway of blood from the heart back to the heart

A

Heart -> Arteries -> Arterioles -> Capillaries -> Venules -> Veins -> Heart

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20
Q

Neuronal aggregations (aggregations of cell bodies) in the brain are referred to
as

A

nuclei

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21
Q

aggregations of cell bodies in the peripheral nerves are
referred to as

A

ganglia

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22
Q

astrocytes

A

Assist with blood-brain barrier maintenance, metabolism, ion regulation, and injury repair

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23
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

Produces myelin sheath in the CNS

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24
Q

microglia

A

Very important immune function in the CNS

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25
Q

true or false: The diencephalon consists of the hypothalamus, thalamus, and epithalamus

A

true

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26
Q

where are sensory neurons (cell bodies) for the spinal cord located?

A

dorsal root ganglion

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27
Q

Which nerves are responsible for olfaction, vision, and hearing
respectively?

A

olfactory (I)
optic (II)
vestibulocochlear (VIII)

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28
Q

trigeminal nerve (CN V)

A
  • largest sensory nerve among the cranial nerves
  • provides motor innervation to muscles of mandibular origin
  • 3 divisions: Ophthalmic, Maxillary, Mandibular
  • mandibular nerve exits through the oval foramen of the skull
  • ophthalmic and maxillary divisions exit through the orbital fissure and round foramen of the skull
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29
Q

facial nerve (CN VII)

A
  • originates from the brain stem and exits the skull through the stylomastoid foramen
  • parasympathetic component
  • somatic component of this nerve provides innervation to muscles of facial expression
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30
Q

vagus nerve (CN X)

A
  • contains visceral afferent, parasympathetic and somatic efferent (motor) fibers
  • provides parasympathetic innervation to visceral organs in the thoracic and abdominal area
  • Most of the fibers in vagus provide afferent information from the viscera to the brain
  • small motor component is responsible for providing innervation to the laryngeal muscles
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31
Q

describe the somatic NS

A
  • Nerves go to skeletal muscle
  • Regulate both voluntary and involuntary (reflex) functions
  • Has only one neuron between CNS and target tissue
  • Exclusively causes excitation of the target tissue
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32
Q

describe visceral NS

A
  • Causes either excitation OR inhibition of the target tissue
  • Nerves go to visceral muscle (smooth and cardiac) and glandular epithelium
  • Regulates only involuntary (reflex) functions
  • Has two neurons between CNS and target tissue
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33
Q

describe the parasympathetic system

A
  • Has long preganglionic fibers
  • Has short postganglionic fibers
  • Originates from the brain and sacral segments of spinal cord
  • Lowers heart rate, promotes digestion, and promotes urination
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34
Q

describe the sympathetic system

A
  • Has long postganglionic fibers
  • Has short preganglionic fibers
  • Originates from thoracolumbar segments of spinal cord
  • Increases heart rate, inhibits digestion, inhibits urination
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35
Q

which cranial nerves have parasympathetic components?

A

CN III, VII, IX, and X

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36
Q

what are fibrous joints also called and where are they present?

A

present between bones of the skull and are usually called “sutures”

37
Q

what are the two cartilaginous joints and give examples?

A

temporary (epiphyseal cartilages in long bones) or permanent (between successive vertebrae in the spinal column).

38
Q

what are synovial joints?

A

Articular surfaces are separated by a fluid-filled space

39
Q

synsarcosis

A

‘joint’ (not a true joint) formed between a bone and the body through muscles

40
Q

greater and lesser tubercle is separated by

A

intertubercular groove

41
Q

how many digits do cattle have?

A

2

42
Q

what articulates the proximal end of the humerus with the scapula to form the shoulder joint?

A

glenoid cavity

43
Q

what is present on the distal end of the humerus?

A

articular condyle

44
Q

what is present on the distal end of the radius?

A

medial styloid process

45
Q

what is present on the distal end of the ulna?

A

lateral styloid process

46
Q

what is the characteristic feature of the ulna that is located proximally and is palpable as the point of the elbow?

A

olecranon process

47
Q

how many rows of metacarpals do carnivores have?

A

5

48
Q

how many digits does the horse have and what does it correspond to in humans?

A

one
middle finger

49
Q

list the the forelimb joints of the horse proximal to distal

A

fetlock
pastern
coffin

50
Q

The muscles of the forelimb are innervated by the nerves which arise from the

A

brachial plexus

51
Q

list the shoulder stabilizers

A

infraspinatus
supraspinatus
teres minor

52
Q

list the shoulder flexors

A

deltoid
teres major

53
Q

what nerve innervates the caudal shoulder group?

A

axillary nerve

54
Q

what nerve innervates the medial and lateral shoulder group?

A

suprascapular nerve

55
Q

list the elbow extensors

A

triceps
anconeus
tensor fasciae antebrachii

56
Q

what nerve are the elbow extensors innervated by?

A

radial nerve

57
Q

list the elbow flexors

A

biceps brachii
brachialis

58
Q

what nerve innervates the elbow flexors

A

musculocutaneous nerve

59
Q

list the extensors of the carpus and digits

A

extensor carpi radialis
common and lateral digital extensor

60
Q

what nerve are the carpal and digital extensor innervated by?

A

radial

61
Q

what muscle is complex and does not conform to extension?

A

extensor carpi ulnaris/ulnaris lateralis

62
Q

list the flexors of the carpus and digits

A

flexor carpi ulnaris
flexor carpi radialis
superficial and deep digital flexor

63
Q

what nerve are the carpal and digital flexors innervated by?

A

median and ulnar nerve

64
Q

what muscles provide support to the metacarpophalangeal joints

A

interosseous muscles

65
Q

list the pathway of arteries supplying blood flow to the distal end of the front foot?

A

Axillary -> brachial -> median

66
Q

list the pathway of veins from distal to proximal end of the foot

A

cephalic -> axillary -> subclavian and cranial vena cava

67
Q

list the structures that provide support to the stay apparatus

A
  • internal tendon of the biceps
  • long tendon of the biceps (lacertus fibrosus)
  • suspensory apparatus
  • ligaments and distal ends of superficial and deep digital flexors tendons
68
Q

what is the articular surface for head of the femur from the pelvic girdle?

A

acetabulum

69
Q

how many rows of tarsal bones are there?

A

3

70
Q

which bone presents a cochlea?

A

tibia

71
Q

what does the proximal row of tarsals consist of?

A

calcaneus
talus

72
Q

how many bones does the distal row of tarsals have?

A

4

73
Q

which joint is further strengthened by attachment of a ligament that extends from the head of the femur to the acetabulum?

A

ligament of the head of the femur

74
Q

how many levels of joints does tarsal joint have?

A

4

75
Q

list the gluteal group

A

superficial
middle
deep

76
Q

list the adductor group

A

gracilis
pectineus
adductor/external obturator

77
Q

what nerve innervates the adductor group?

A

obturator nerve

78
Q

list the hamstring group

A

biceps femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranosus

79
Q

what is the major extensor of the stifle joint?

A

quadriceps femoris

80
Q

what is the quadriceps femoris innervated by?

A

femoral nerve

81
Q

what is the femoral nerve important for?

A

bearing weight

82
Q

what muscles are craniolateral region that flex the hock and extend the digit

A

cranial tibial
peroneus longus
long and lateral digital extensors

83
Q

what nerve innervates the craniolateral region?

A

common peroneal nerve

84
Q

list the caudal group that extend the hock and flex the digits

A

gastrocnemius
superficial/deep digital flexor

85
Q

what nerve innervates the caudal group of the hindlimb

A

tibial nerve

86
Q

list the vessels of the hindlimb cranial to caudal

A

external iliac artery
femoral artery
cranial tibial artery
dorsal pedal artery

87
Q

two components of the reciprocal apparatus

A
  • tendons of the peroneus tertius
  • superficial digital flexor
88
Q

What is the overall function of the reciprocal apparatus of the hindlimb in the horse?

A

Flex the hock when the stifle is flexed and extend the hock when the stifle is extended

89
Q

what do the three ligaments of the patella of horses for the stay/reciprocal apparatus?

A

lock the patella in the stifle joint

prevet anatomy (13 decks)

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