midterm Flashcards
sagittal plane
left and right hemispheres (parallel to ground)
frontal plane
dorsal and ventral sections
transverse plane
perpendicular to long axis and divides into cranial and caudal
diastema
space between canines and premolars
three components of connective tissue
fibers
ground substance
cells
what are the three types of fiber?
collagenous, elastic, reticular
describe collagenous fiber
most abundant
consists of protein collagen (tendons, ligaments, skin, cartilage, bone)
helps tissue bind
describe elastic fiber
consists of elastin (extracellular matrix
facilitates recoiling in structures like arteries and lungs
describe reticular fiber
contains protein reticulum
provides scaffolding for other cells in structures such as liver and lymphoid organs
what is ground substance and give an example
consists of formless matrix and has large carbohydrates and complexes containing protein and carbohydrates
ex. glycosaminoglycans
name the two types of cells in terms of connective tissue and provide and example
- stationary
ex. fibroblasts and adipocytes - migrating
ex. mast cells, macrophages, monocytes, lymphocytes
describe loose connective tissue and provide examples
most common
supports organs and serves to provide attachment for epithelial tissue to other underlying tissue
ex. arelor and fascia
describe dense connective tissue and provide an example
bundles of collagen and fibroblasts
substance divides into dense regular and dense irregular
ex. tendons and ligaments
list examples of specialized connective tissue
bone, blood, cartilage
what are other three support tissue that are not connective tissue?
epithelial
nervous
muscle tissue
what do arteries do
- carry blood from heart to other organs and tissue
- are elastic in nature, relax and contract in rhythm with heart and maintain blood pressure
what are veins
carry blood to the heart
same three layers as arteries but thinner
capacity to dilate to accommodate an increase in blood volume
what are capillaries?
act as bridge between arteries and vein
thin walls allow for nutrients like oxygen to pass from blood to tissue as well as substances from tissue back into circulation
describe the pathway of blood from the heart back to the heart
Heart -> Arteries -> Arterioles -> Capillaries -> Venules -> Veins -> Heart
Neuronal aggregations (aggregations of cell bodies) in the brain are referred to
as
nuclei
aggregations of cell bodies in the peripheral nerves are
referred to as
ganglia
astrocytes
Assist with blood-brain barrier maintenance, metabolism, ion regulation, and injury repair
oligodendrocytes
Produces myelin sheath in the CNS
microglia
Very important immune function in the CNS
true or false: The diencephalon consists of the hypothalamus, thalamus, and epithalamus
true
where are sensory neurons (cell bodies) for the spinal cord located?
dorsal root ganglion
Which nerves are responsible for olfaction, vision, and hearing
respectively?
olfactory (I)
optic (II)
vestibulocochlear (VIII)
trigeminal nerve (CN V)
- largest sensory nerve among the cranial nerves
- provides motor innervation to muscles of mandibular origin
- 3 divisions: Ophthalmic, Maxillary, Mandibular
- mandibular nerve exits through the oval foramen of the skull
- ophthalmic and maxillary divisions exit through the orbital fissure and round foramen of the skull
facial nerve (CN VII)
- originates from the brain stem and exits the skull through the stylomastoid foramen
- parasympathetic component
- somatic component of this nerve provides innervation to muscles of facial expression
vagus nerve (CN X)
- contains visceral afferent, parasympathetic and somatic efferent (motor) fibers
- provides parasympathetic innervation to visceral organs in the thoracic and abdominal area
- Most of the fibers in vagus provide afferent information from the viscera to the brain
- small motor component is responsible for providing innervation to the laryngeal muscles
describe the somatic NS
- Nerves go to skeletal muscle
- Regulate both voluntary and involuntary (reflex) functions
- Has only one neuron between CNS and target tissue
- Exclusively causes excitation of the target tissue
describe visceral NS
- Causes either excitation OR inhibition of the target tissue
- Nerves go to visceral muscle (smooth and cardiac) and glandular epithelium
- Regulates only involuntary (reflex) functions
- Has two neurons between CNS and target tissue
describe the parasympathetic system
- Has long preganglionic fibers
- Has short postganglionic fibers
- Originates from the brain and sacral segments of spinal cord
- Lowers heart rate, promotes digestion, and promotes urination
describe the sympathetic system
- Has long postganglionic fibers
- Has short preganglionic fibers
- Originates from thoracolumbar segments of spinal cord
- Increases heart rate, inhibits digestion, inhibits urination
which cranial nerves have parasympathetic components?
CN III, VII, IX, and X
what are fibrous joints also called and where are they present?
present between bones of the skull and are usually called “sutures”
what are the two cartilaginous joints and give examples?
temporary (epiphyseal cartilages in long bones) or permanent (between successive vertebrae in the spinal column).
what are synovial joints?
Articular surfaces are separated by a fluid-filled space
synsarcosis
‘joint’ (not a true joint) formed between a bone and the body through muscles
greater and lesser tubercle is separated by
intertubercular groove
how many digits do cattle have?
2
what articulates the proximal end of the humerus with the scapula to form the shoulder joint?
glenoid cavity
what is present on the distal end of the humerus?
articular condyle
what is present on the distal end of the radius?
medial styloid process
what is present on the distal end of the ulna?
lateral styloid process
what is the characteristic feature of the ulna that is located proximally and is palpable as the point of the elbow?
olecranon process
how many rows of metacarpals do carnivores have?
5
how many digits does the horse have and what does it correspond to in humans?
one
middle finger
list the the forelimb joints of the horse proximal to distal
fetlock
pastern
coffin
The muscles of the forelimb are innervated by the nerves which arise from the
brachial plexus
list the shoulder stabilizers
infraspinatus
supraspinatus
teres minor
list the shoulder flexors
deltoid
teres major
what nerve innervates the caudal shoulder group?
axillary nerve
what nerve innervates the medial and lateral shoulder group?
suprascapular nerve
list the elbow extensors
triceps
anconeus
tensor fasciae antebrachii
what nerve are the elbow extensors innervated by?
radial nerve
list the elbow flexors
biceps brachii
brachialis
what nerve innervates the elbow flexors
musculocutaneous nerve
list the extensors of the carpus and digits
extensor carpi radialis
common and lateral digital extensor
what nerve are the carpal and digital extensor innervated by?
radial
what muscle is complex and does not conform to extension?
extensor carpi ulnaris/ulnaris lateralis
list the flexors of the carpus and digits
flexor carpi ulnaris
flexor carpi radialis
superficial and deep digital flexor
what nerve are the carpal and digital flexors innervated by?
median and ulnar nerve
what muscles provide support to the metacarpophalangeal joints
interosseous muscles
list the pathway of arteries supplying blood flow to the distal end of the front foot?
Axillary -> brachial -> median
list the pathway of veins from distal to proximal end of the foot
cephalic -> axillary -> subclavian and cranial vena cava
list the structures that provide support to the stay apparatus
- internal tendon of the biceps
- long tendon of the biceps (lacertus fibrosus)
- suspensory apparatus
- ligaments and distal ends of superficial and deep digital flexors tendons
what is the articular surface for head of the femur from the pelvic girdle?
acetabulum
how many rows of tarsal bones are there?
3
which bone presents a cochlea?
tibia
what does the proximal row of tarsals consist of?
calcaneus
talus
how many bones does the distal row of tarsals have?
4
which joint is further strengthened by attachment of a ligament that extends from the head of the femur to the acetabulum?
ligament of the head of the femur
how many levels of joints does tarsal joint have?
4
list the gluteal group
superficial
middle
deep
list the adductor group
gracilis
pectineus
adductor/external obturator
what nerve innervates the adductor group?
obturator nerve
list the hamstring group
biceps femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
what is the major extensor of the stifle joint?
quadriceps femoris
what is the quadriceps femoris innervated by?
femoral nerve
what is the femoral nerve important for?
bearing weight
what muscles are craniolateral region that flex the hock and extend the digit
cranial tibial
peroneus longus
long and lateral digital extensors
what nerve innervates the craniolateral region?
common peroneal nerve
list the caudal group that extend the hock and flex the digits
gastrocnemius
superficial/deep digital flexor
what nerve innervates the caudal group of the hindlimb
tibial nerve
list the vessels of the hindlimb cranial to caudal
external iliac artery
femoral artery
cranial tibial artery
dorsal pedal artery
two components of the reciprocal apparatus
- tendons of the peroneus tertius
- superficial digital flexor
What is the overall function of the reciprocal apparatus of the hindlimb in the horse?
Flex the hock when the stifle is flexed and extend the hock when the stifle is extended
what do the three ligaments of the patella of horses for the stay/reciprocal apparatus?
lock the patella in the stifle joint
