basic concepts and anatomical terms Flashcards
sagittal plane
left and right hemispheres (parallel to ground)
frontal plane
dorsal and ventral sections
transverse plane
perpendicular to long axis and divides into cranial and caudal
dorsal
relates to back
ventral
refer to belly
cranial
structures located towards head
caudal
structures located towards tail
rostral
structures located towards muzzle
anterior
structures located closer to front of body
posterior
structures located closer to back of body
proximal
structures close towards junction of limbs with body
distal
structures away located at distance away from junction of limbs to body
palmar
structures directed towards underside of forearm
plantar
structures directed towards underside of foot
medial
structures directed towards midline
lateral
structures directed away from midline, directed towards side
axial
structures directed towards longitudinal axis of limbs
abaxial
structures directed away from longitudinal axis of limbs
buccal
structures directed towards cheeck
lingual
structures directed towards tongue
mesial
structures directed towards midline of jaw
occlusal
grinding surface of teeth
diastema
space between two teeth
what is connective tissue
group of tissue important for support, link, and separation to various types of tissue and organs
what are other three support tissue besides connective tissue?
epithelial, nervous, muscle tissue
provide examples of connectiv tissue
fascia, mesentery, bone, ligament, cartilage, tendons, synovial membrane
list the components of connective tissue
fibers, ground substance, cells
what are the three types of fiber?
collagenous, elastic, reticular
describe collagenous fiber
most abundant
consists of protein collagen (tendons, ligaments, skin, cartilage, bone)
helps tissue bind
describe elastic fiber
consists of elastin (extracellular matrix
facilitates recoiling in structures like arteries and lungs
describe reticular fiber
contains protein reticulum
provides scaffolding for other cells in structures such as liver and lymphoid organs
what is ground substance and give an example
consists of formless matrix and has large carbohydrates and complexes containing protein and carbohydrates
ex. glycosaminoglycans
name the two types of cells in terms of connective tissue and provide and example
- stationary
ex. fibroblasts and adipocytes - migrating
ex. mast cells, macrophages, monocytes, lymphocytes
list the three types of connective tissue
loose
dense
specialized
describe loose connective tissue and provide examples
most common
supports organs and serves to provide attachment for epithelial tissue to other underlying tissue
ex. arelor and fascia
describe dense connective tissue and provide an example
bundles of collagen and fibroblasts
substance divides into dense regular and dense irregular
ex. tendons and ligaments
list examples of specialized connective tissue
bone, blood, cartilage
what do arteries do
- carry blood from heart to other organs and tissue
- are elastic in nature, relax and contract in rhythm with heart and maintain blood pressure
what are the three layers of arteries and describe them
tunica intima- thinnest layer and consists of endothelial cells surrounded by connective tissue
tunica media- thickest layer consisting of elastic fibers, connective tissue vascular smooth muscle
tunica adventitia- made of connective tissue and contains nerves that regulate vessels
what are arterioles
smallest branch of vessels from the arteries
what are veins
carry blood to the heart
same three layers as arteries but thinner
capacity to dilate to accommodate an increase in blood volume
what are venules
smallest of venous branches
what are capillaries?
act as bridge between arteries and vein
what do the thin walls of capillaries allow for?
allows for nutrients like oxygen to pass from blood to tissue as well as substances from tissue back into circulation
what are lymphatic vessels structurally similar to?
blood vessels
what are lymphatic vessels lined by?
endothelial, smooth muscle and connective tissue
how do small lymph vessels and lymphatic capillaries compensate for a lack of muscular and connective tissue layers?
lymph flows via force of gravity and hydrostatic pressure from surrounding tissue
what is the difference between afferent and efferent lymph vessels?
afferent- brings lymph into lymph nodes
efferent- carries filtered lymph from lymph nodes
what happens when afferent lymph vessels enter the lymph node?
form a plexus and open into lymph sinuses of cortex of lymph nodes
what happens as efferent lymph vessels start from lymph nodes?
drain into other lymph nodes in path of drainage to other veins
how do lymph move across lymph vessels?
contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles in lymph vessels and is aided in their efforts by valves
