basic concepts and anatomical terms

Question 1

sagittal plane

Answer 1

left and right hemispheres (parallel to ground)

Question 2

frontal plane

Answer 2

dorsal and ventral sections

Question 3

transverse plane

Answer 3

perpendicular to long axis and divides into cranial and caudal

Question 4

dorsal

Answer 4

relates to back

Question 5

ventral

Answer 5

refer to belly

Question 6

cranial

Answer 6

structures located towards head

Question 7

caudal

Answer 7

structures located towards tail

Question 8

rostral

Answer 8

structures located towards muzzle

Question 9

anterior

Answer 9

structures located closer to front of body

Question 10

posterior

Answer 10

structures located closer to back of body

Question 11

proximal

Answer 11

structures close towards junction of limbs with body

Question 12

distal

Answer 12

structures away located at distance away from junction of limbs to body

Question 13

palmar

Answer 13

structures directed towards underside of forearm

Question 14

plantar

Answer 14

structures directed towards underside of foot

Question 15

medial

Answer 15

structures directed towards midline

Question 16

lateral

Answer 16

structures directed away from midline, directed towards side

Question 17

axial

Answer 17

structures directed towards longitudinal axis of limbs

Question 18

abaxial

Answer 18

structures directed away from longitudinal axis of limbs

Question 19

buccal

Answer 19

structures directed towards cheeck

Question 20

lingual

Answer 20

structures directed towards tongue

Question 21

mesial

Answer 21

structures directed towards midline of jaw

Question 22

occlusal

Answer 22

grinding surface of teeth

Question 23

diastema

Answer 23

space between two teeth

Question 24

what is connective tissue

Answer 24

group of tissue important for support, link, and separation to various types of tissue and organs

Question 25

what are other three support tissue besides connective tissue?

Answer 25

epithelial, nervous, muscle tissue

Question 26

provide examples of connectiv tissue

Answer 26

fascia, mesentery, bone, ligament, cartilage, tendons, synovial membrane

Question 27

list the components of connective tissue

Answer 27

fibers, ground substance, cells

Question 28

what are the three types of fiber?

Answer 28

collagenous, elastic, reticular

Question 29

describe collagenous fiber

Answer 29

most abundant
consists of protein collagen (tendons, ligaments, skin, cartilage, bone)
helps tissue bind

Question 30

describe elastic fiber

Answer 30

consists of elastin (extracellular matrix

facilitates recoiling in structures like arteries and lungs

Question 31

describe reticular fiber

Answer 31

contains protein reticulum

provides scaffolding for other cells in structures such as liver and lymphoid organs

Question 32

what is ground substance and give an example

Answer 32

consists of formless matrix and has large carbohydrates and complexes containing protein and carbohydrates
ex. glycosaminoglycans

Question 33

name the two types of cells in terms of connective tissue and provide and example

Answer 33

1. stationary
   ex. fibroblasts and adipocytes
2. migrating
   ex. mast cells, macrophages, monocytes, lymphocytes

Question 34

list the three types of connective tissue

Answer 34

loose
dense
specialized

Question 35

describe loose connective tissue and provide examples

Answer 35

most common
supports organs and serves to provide attachment for epithelial tissue to other underlying tissue
ex. arelor and fascia

Question 36

describe dense connective tissue and provide an example

Answer 36

bundles of collagen and fibroblasts
substance divides into dense regular and dense irregular
ex. tendons and ligaments

Question 37

list examples of specialized connective tissue

Answer 37

bone, blood, cartilage

Question 38

what do arteries do

Answer 38

• carry blood from heart to other organs and tissue

- are elastic in nature, relax and contract in rhythm with heart and maintain blood pressure

Question 39

what are the three layers of arteries and describe them

Answer 39

tunica intima- thinnest layer and consists of endothelial cells surrounded by connective tissue
tunica media- thickest layer consisting of elastic fibers, connective tissue vascular smooth muscle
tunica adventitia- made of connective tissue and contains nerves that regulate vessels

Question 40

what are arterioles

Answer 40

smallest branch of vessels from the arteries

Question 41

what are veins

Answer 41

carry blood to the heart
same three layers as arteries but thinner
capacity to dilate to accommodate an increase in blood volume

Question 42

what are venules

Answer 42

smallest of venous branches

Question 43

what are capillaries?

Answer 43

act as bridge between arteries and vein

Question 44

what do the thin walls of capillaries allow for?

Answer 44

allows for nutrients like oxygen to pass from blood to tissue as well as substances from tissue back into circulation

Question 45

what are lymphatic vessels structurally similar to?

Answer 45

blood vessels

Question 46

what are lymphatic vessels lined by?

Answer 46

endothelial, smooth muscle and connective tissue

Question 47

how do small lymph vessels and lymphatic capillaries compensate for a lack of muscular and connective tissue layers?

Answer 47

lymph flows via force of gravity and hydrostatic pressure from surrounding tissue

Question 48

what is the difference between afferent and efferent lymph vessels?

Answer 48

afferent- brings lymph into lymph nodes

efferent- carries filtered lymph from lymph nodes

Question 49

what happens when afferent lymph vessels enter the lymph node?

Answer 49

form a plexus and open into lymph sinuses of cortex of lymph nodes

Question 50

what happens as efferent lymph vessels start from lymph nodes?

Answer 50

drain into other lymph nodes in path of drainage to other veins

Question 51

how do lymph move across lymph vessels?

Answer 51

contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles in lymph vessels and is aided in their efforts by valves