Special Senses Flashcards by SAM EMMANUEL FORMALEJO

process initiated by stimulating receptors

sensation

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conscious awareness of those stimuli

perception

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Two types of senses

General and Special senses

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2 types of general senses

Somatic and Visceral

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What are the special senses?

Smell, Taste, Vision, Hearing, Balance

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Types of sensory receptors

Mechano, Chemo, Thermo, Photo, and Noci

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touch receptor that is associated with light touch and pressure

Merkel’s

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touch receptor that detects fine, discriminative touch

meissner corpuscles

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touch receptor that detects continuous pressure in skin

Ruffini

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touch receptor that detects deep pressure, vibration, and position

pacinian

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defined as a group of unpleasant perceptual and emotional experiences

pain

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type of pain that is sharp, prickling, and rapid

localized pain or good pain

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type of pain that equates to burning, aching, and has slower action potentials

diffused pain or bad pain

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type of anesthesia that is injected near sensory nerve

local anesthesia

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type of pain when deeper structures are damaged or inflamed

referred pain

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airborne molecules that enter the nasal cavity

odorants

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we can detect at least ____ different smells

10,000 or 10k or 10^4

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olfactory neurons are what type of neurons?

bipolar neurons

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what keeps the nasal epithelium moist, traps and dissolves odorants, and facilitates removal of particles?

mucus

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what is the nerve for olfaction?

Olfactory = Cranial Nerve I

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where does the olfactory nerve pass through to enter olfactory bulb?

foramina of the cribiform plate

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where do olfactory tracts terminate in the brain?

olfactory cortex

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Arrange the neuronal pathway of smell with the first on the top

olfactory bulb
olfactory tracts
axons of olfactory neurons
olfactory cortex
cranial nerve I

Axons of olfactory neurons
Cranial Nerve I
Olfactory bulb
Olfactory tracts
Olfactory cortex

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histology of taste buds

they include…

basal cells, supporting cells, and taste cells

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oval structures on the surface of the tongue are called

taste buds

the 5 basic types of taste are:

sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami

taste sensation are carried to the brain by which cranial nerve/s?

Cranial Nerve VII, IX, X | facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus

taste sensation are carried to the brain by which cranial nerve/s?

Cranial Nerve VII, IX, X | facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus

what structure protects the eye by preventing perspiration from running down the forehead and into the eyes?

eyebrows

what structure protects the eye from foreign objects thru blink reflex

eyelids

thin, transparent mucous membrane covering the inner surface of eyelids and anterior surface of the eye

Conjunctiva

inflammation of conjuctiva is?

conjunctivitis

eye structure that produce tears which flow accross the surface of the eye?

lacrimal glands

what structure collects the tears of the eye?

lacrimal canaliculi

from the lacrimal canaliculi, where do tears go?

lacrimal sac and enters the nasolacrimal duct then into the nasal cavity

what do you call the skeletal muscles responsible for the movement of each eyeball?

extrinsic eye muscles | suprior, infrior, mdial, ltrl rectus musklz & superior, inferior oblique

Tunics of the eye include:

Fibrous, Vascular, Nervous

**Fibrous Tunic** that is the firm, white, and outer connective tissue layer that maintains the **shape of the eyeball** & **muscle attachment site**

Sclera

**Fibrous tunic** transparent anterior 1/5 of the eye that **refracts light** that enters the eyes

Cornea

**Vascular tunic** that is associated with the sclera; appears **black because of melanin**

Choroid

**Vascular tunic** that contains ciliary muscles which attach to the perimeter of the lens by suspensory ligaments

Ciliary body

**Vascular tunic** that is flexible, biconvex, and a transparent disc

Lens

**Vascular tunic** colored part of the eyes; contractile structure consisting mainly of smooth muscle surrounding an opening called the **pupil.**

Iris

**Nervous Tunic** that covers the 5/6ths of the eye and has 2 layers; keep light from refraction & has rods nd cones

Retina

2 types of photoreceptor cells

Rods & Cones

What photoreceptor cell is responsible for colored vision?

Cones

what photoreceptor cell is responsible for vision, especially in the dark?

Rods

Which is more common, Rods or Cones?

Rods are 20 times more common

what do you call the small spot near the center of the posterior retina?

macula

part of the retina where light is most focused when eye is looking at an object; contains only cones; area of greatest visual acuity

fovea centralis

the location through which nerves exit and blood vessels enter the eye. It has **no photosensory cells** and is therefore the blind spot of the eye

optic disc

____ of the ciliary muscles causes the lens to flatten into its normal resting condition, called emmetropia. | relaxation or contraction

Relaxation

____ of the ciliary muscles causes the lens to become more spherical

Contraction

process in which the lens changes shape sot that the eye may focus on objects

accommodation

Colors of cones

blue, red, green

chambers of the eye

Anterior, Posterior, Vitreous chamber

# Neuronal pathway Rods & Cones Optic chiasm Visual cortex Thalamus Optic tract Optic nerve

1. Rods and Cones 2. Optic nerve 3. Optic chiasm 4. Optic tract 5. Thalamus 6. Visual cortex

external and middle ears are involved in ____ only. whereas the inner ear functions in ____ (2).

hearing only; hearing and balance

fleshy parts of the ear on the outside of the head that opens into the external auditory canal

auricle

thin membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear

Tympanic membrane/Eardrum

auditory ossicles

Malleus, Incus, Stapes

The ____ connects the middle ear to the pharynx and **equalizes pressure.**

Auditory tube or Eustachian tube

____ of the inner ear is a canal system within the temporal bone that contains perilymph and the membranous labyrinth.

Bony labyrinth

3 parts of the bony labyrinth

semicircular canals, vestibule, and cochlea

spiral shaped canal within the temporal bone

cochlea

channel of cochlea that extends from the oval window to the apex of cochlea

Scala vestibuli

extends in parallel with the scala vestibuli from the apex back to the round window

scala tympani

formed by the space between the vestibular membrane and the basilar membrane and is filled with endolymph

cochlear duct

part of cochlea below the spiral lamina and the basilar membrane

scala tympani

part of cochlea above the spiral lamina and the vestibular membrane

scala vestibuli

pitch is the ____ or ____ of sound. While volume is the ____ of sound

frequency or wavelength; amplitude

2 types of equilibriium and their associated structures

Static = associated with the vestibule Dynamic = associated with the semicircular canals

Vestibule chambers

Utricle Saccule