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Anatomy and Physiology > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

this body system is also referred to as the alimentary tract or GI tract

A

Digestive system

MALAMANG ITO TOPIC NATIN EH HAHAHA!

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2
Q

pathway of food

enumerate ulit ;p

A

mouth > pharynx > esophagus > stomach > small intestine > large intestine > anus

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3
Q

Layers of the digestive system

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis
  4. Serosa

this is in order, from innermost (1) layer to outermost (4)

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4
Q

cells that produce mucus

A

goblet cells

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5
Q

what layer is responsible for the contraction of the GIT?

A

muscularis

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6
Q

if the layer has peritoneum it is known as? If wala, what is it called?

A

serosa; adventitia

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7
Q

what do you call the connective tissue of organs in the abdominal cavity?

A

mesentery/mesenteries

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8
Q

Mesentery (a) connecting stomach to liver and diaphragm?
(b) connecting stomach to transverse colon and posterior body wall?

A

(a) Lesser omentum
(b) Greater omentum

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9
Q

how many teeth do we have?

adult and child

A

32 in adult; 20 primary teeth (bb teeth)

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10
Q

what do you call the center of the tooth?

A

pulp cavity

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11
Q

the material that protects the tooth is known as the?

A

enamel

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12
Q

what results from the breakdown of enamel by acids from bacteria?

A

cavities

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13
Q

contains enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates into glucose

what are the 2 enzymes found in saliva?

A

saliva

amylase & lysozyme

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14
Q

this is the roof of the oral cavity

A

palate

hard palate is anterior part; soft palate is posterior part

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15
Q

what are the four major salivary glands?

A
  1. submandibular - below mandible
  2. sublingual - below tongue
  3. parotid - below and in front of each canal

the locations are presented

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16
Q

what structure is known as the throat and it connects mouth to esophagus

A

pharynx

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17
Q

what tube connects the pharynx to the stomach?

A

esophagus

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18
Q

A heartburn can otherwise be termed as?

occurs when gastric juices regurgitate into the esophagus

A

Gastroesophageal reflux

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19
Q

The nerve responsible for swallowing

A

Cranial Nerve IX; Glossopharyngeal; both somatic & motor

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20
Q

what do you call the mass of food formed in mouth?

A

bolus

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21
Q

Phases of swallowing

A
  1. Voluntary - mouth to oropharynx
  2. Pharyngeal - oropharynx to esophagus
  3. Esophageal - esophagus to stomach
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22
Q

how many muscular layers in the stomach?

A

Three:
1. outer longitudinal
2. middle circular
3. inner oblique

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23
Q

large folds in the stomach that allow it to stretch

A

rugae

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24
Q

paste-like substance that forms when food begins to be broken down

if bolus sa mouth, dito ay?

A

chyme

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25
Q

opening of the esophagus to the stomach

A

gastroesophageal opening

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26
Q

opening on the other side of the stomach from stomach to small intestine

A

pyloric opening

ring of smooth muscle around pyloric opening is pyloric sphincter

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27
Q

These cells produce HCL (hydrochloric acid) in the stomach

A

Parietal cells

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28
Q

These cells produce mucus in the stomach

A

Goblet cells

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29
Q

Cells that produce pepsinogen in the stomach

A

Chief cells

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30
Q

This enzyme breaks protein down into amino acids in stomach

A

Pepsin

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31
Q

phases of stomach secretion

A
  1. Cephalic - in the brain
  2. Gastric
  3. Intestinal
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32
Q

the stomach empties every how many hours?

A

4 hours in a normal meal; 6-8 after a fatty meal

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33
Q

this movement in the stomach is characterized by weak contractions and is used to thoroughly mix food to form chyme

A

mixing waves

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34
Q

this movement in the stomach is characterized by strong contractions and forces the chyme toward and through the pyloric opening

A

Peristalsis/peristaltic waves

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35
Q

what structure is the major absorptive organ?

A

small intestine

measures 6 meters in length

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36
Q

parts of the small intestine

A
  1. Duodenum - 25cm
  2. Jejunum - 2.5 m
  3. Ileum - 3.5 m
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37
Q

this structure’s function is to absorb water from indigestible food

A

Large intestine

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38
Q

parts of the large intestine

A
  1. Cecum
  2. Appendix
  3. Colon
  4. Rectum
  5. Anal canal
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39
Q

The cecum joins the small intestine at what junction?

A

Ileocecal junction

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40
Q

the longest segment of the large intestine

A

colon - 1.5 meters long

has ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid regions

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41
Q

how many hours does it take for food to pass through the large intestine

A

18-24 hours

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42
Q

the liver receives blood from what artery

A

hepatic artery

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43
Q

what do you call the divisions of liver with portal triad at corners

A

lobules

44
Q

components of the Portal triad in the liver

A

hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, hepatic duct

45
Q

the layer of the digestive tract that is a thick layer of connective tissue containing nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, and glands

A

submucosa

46
Q

what tunic (layer) consists of an epithelial lining, a layer of connective tissue referred to as lamina propria, and a thin layer of muscle.

A

mucosa

47
Q

Throughout most of the digestive tract, this tunic consists of two layers of smooth muscle, which are an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer.

A

muscularis

48
Q

what layer consists of a thin layer of connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium?

A

serosa or adventitia

49
Q

pocket created by greater omentum

A

omental bursa

49
Q

The outermost layer of the digestive tract is either a ____, consisting of peritoneum, or ____, a connective tissue layer.

A

serosa; adventitia

serosa = peritoneum; adventitia = connective tissue layer

50
Q

Organs that are located behind the peritoneal membrane are referred to as

A

retroperitoneal

51
Q

the third molars are also called as

A

wisdom teeth

52
Q

pulp cavity within the root

A

root canal

53
Q

Hard, nonliving material covering the crown

A

Enamel

54
Q

Calcified living material surrounding the pulp cavity

A

Dentin

55
Q

3 basic parts of a tooth

A

Crown, Root, Neck

56
Q

The proteoglycan component of mucus that gives a lubricating quality to the secretions of the submandibular and sublingual gland is

A

mucin

57
Q

openings for the gastric glands

A

gastric pits

58
Q

Events of cephalic phase in order

A
  1. Food is smelled, tasted, or thought about
  2. Stimulation of medulla oblongata
  3. Parasympathetic impulses from vagus nerve to neurons of enteric plexus
  4. Postganglionic neurons stimulate secretion of gastrin and histaime
  5. Gastric secreations are released
59
Q

hormones that decrease gastric secretions and gastric motility

A

cholecystokinin; secretin

59
Q

Lymphatic nodules within the digestive tract that initiate immune responses against ingested microorganisms are called

A

peyer patches

60
Q

the types of enzymes secreted by the small intestine for digestion

A

peptidases & disaccharidases

61
Q

in what quadrant is the liver located?

A

right upper

62
Q

Major and minor lobes of the liver?

A

Major: Left & Right
Minor: Caudate & Quadrate

63
Q

features of the small intestine that function to increase surface area and enhance digestion & absorption

A

Villi, Microvilli, Circular folds

64
Q

the hepatic portal vein carries blood from the ____ to the ____

A

from the digestive tract to the liver

65
Q

secretions of the stomach?

A
  1. HCl - by parietal cells
  2. Intrinsic factors - by parietal cells
  3. Pepsin (from pepsinogen) - by chief cells
  4. Mucus - goblet cells
66
Q

what do you call the connective tissue septum that separates the right and left lobes?

A

falciform ligament

67
Q

the liver receives blood from 2 sources, what are they?

A

hepatic artery (oxygen) & hepatic portal vein (nutritent-rich from digestive tract)

68
Q

blood flow in and out of the liver

structures

A
  1. hepatic artery & hepatic portal vein
  2. hepatic sinusoid
  3. central vein
  4. hepatic vein
  5. inferior vena cava
69
Q

three vessels of the hepatic portal triad?

A
  1. hepatic portal vein
  2. hepatic artery
  3. hepatic sinusoid
70
Q

bile salts emulsify ____.

A

lipids, fats, triglyceride

71
Q

bile flow structures

A
  1. bile canaliculus
  2. hepatic duct
  3. common hepatic duct
  4. common bile duct
  5. duodenum
72
Q

organ that stores concentrated bile

A

gallbladder

73
Q

secretion of the small intestine that stimulates the liver to produce bile?

A

secretin

cholecystokinin stimulates the gallbladder to release bile

74
Q

Fats are emulsified from large lipid droplets to smaller droplets by?

A

Bile, bile salts specifically

75
Q

what do you call the cell that stores glycogen in the liver?

A

hepatocytes

76
Q

does bile contain enzymes?

yes or no?

A

no!

77
Q

from the pancreas, what raises the pH of the small intestine?

A

bicarbonate ions

bicarb ions neutralize the acidic chyme

78
Q

from the pancreas, what raises the pH of the small intestine?

A

bicarbonate ions

bicarb ions neutralize the acidic chyme

79
Q

proteolytic enzymes produces by the pancreas

A
  1. trypsin
  2. chymotrypsin
  3. carboxypeptidase
80
Q

small tube attached to the cecum

A

appendix

81
Q

bands of longitudinal muscle of the colon that form the haustra when they contract are called

A

teniae coli

82
Q

a straight muscular stube that begins at the terminatioin of the sigmoid colon and ends at the anal canal

A

rectum

83
Q

the external anal sphincter consists of what type of muscle?

skeletal, cardiac, or smooth?

A

skeletal muscle

internal is fucking smooth muscle

84
Q

enlarged or inflamed rectal veins that supply the anal canal that may cause pain or bleeding around the anus

A

hemorrhoids

85
Q

Microorganisms within the colon aid in the breakdown of cellulose and the production of vitamin what?

A

K

86
Q

the strong and infrequent peristaltic contractions in the large intestine are called?

A

mass movements

87
Q

what enzyme partially digests starch?

A

amylase

88
Q

chemical digestion of carbs results in the production of?

A

monosaccharides or disaccharides

89
Q

what enzyme breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides

A

lipase

90
Q

enzyme that digests proteins into small polypeptide chains

A

pepsin

91
Q

enzyme that breaks down small polypeptide chains into amino acids

A

peptidase

92
Q

structures that secrete amylase?

A

salivary glands & pancreas

93
Q

majority of monossacharides are absorbed in the ____ of the ____

A

capillaries of the small intestine

94
Q

enzymes that digest lipids?

A
  1. lipase by pancreas
  2. bile salts by liver
95
Q

enzymes that digest protein

A
  1. Pepsin by stomach (from pepsinogen)
  2. Peptidase by small intestine
96
Q

Glucose absorption across the intestinal epithelium occurs as a result of cotransport with ____

A

Na+ (Sodium) ions

97
Q

Which are formed once lipids are digested in the intestine and bile salts aggregate around them?

A

micelles

98
Q

A lipid droplet surrounded by a coat of proteins necessary for lipid absorption from the digestive tract is a ____

A

chylomicron

micelles r tiny lipids droplets surrounded by bile salts not protz

99
Q

fats that have no double bonds?

A

saturated fats

100
Q

when chyme is concentrated water will:
a. be absorbed across the intestinal epithelium
b. move into the lumen of the small intestine

A

b. move into the lumen of the smalll intestine

101
Q

Enzymes produced at the microvilli of the small intestine that break the peptide bonds in proteins to form amino acids are called

A

peptidase

102
Q

the majority of water absorption occurs in?

A

small intestine

103
Q

chylomicrons are transported in ____ to the ____

A

lacteals to the liver

104
Q

Water absorption in the small intestine occurs as a result of

A

osmosis

105
Q

The majority of ion absorption occurs as a result of ____

A

active transport

Anatomy and Physiology (9 decks)

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