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Anatomy and Physiology > Excretory/Urinary > Flashcards

Excretory/Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

major excretory organ of the body

A

kidneys

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2
Q

layer of fibrous connective tissue surrounding the kidneys

A

renal capsule

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3
Q

enlarged chamber formed by the convergence of the major calyces

A

renal pelvis

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4
Q

region of the kidney where blood vessels, nerves, and the ureter enter and exit the kidney

A

hilum

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5
Q

the renal cortex is ___ to the renal medulla

A

superficial

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6
Q

serves as a cushion for the kidneys against mechanical shock

A

adipose tissue

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7
Q

cone-shaped areas of tissue within the renal medulla are called renal ____

A

calyces

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8
Q

Urine flow from cortex to ureter (disregarding nephrons)

A

Renal papilla > renal calyx > renal calyces to form renal pelvis > ureter

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9
Q

Cone-shaped structures that are located in the medulla of the kidney

A

renal pyramids

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10
Q

The tube conveying urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder is the ____

A

ureter

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11
Q

A funnel-shaped chamber of the kidney that receives urine from the renal pyramid is a

A

calyx

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12
Q

Nephrons that have loops of Henle that extend deep into the medulla of the kidney are ____ nephrons, and nephrons that have loops of Henle that do not extend very deep into the medulla are ____ nephrons.

A

juxtamedullary; cortical

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13
Q

cells that wrap around the glomerular capillaries are called?

A

podocytes

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14
Q

what structure empties urine into the calyx?

A

papillary duct

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15
Q

What are the specialized cells in the walls of the afferent arteriole and distal convoluted tubule called that play an important role in regulating blood pressure?

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus

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16
Q

Podocytes, glomerular endothelium, and the glomerular basement membrane are components of the ____.

A

filtration membrane

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17
Q

components of the renal corpuscle

A

Bowman’s capsule & Glomerulus

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18
Q

The vessel that normally branches off of the abdominal aorta and supplies a kidney with blood is the?

A

renal artery

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19
Q

blood flow to and away from the kidney?

structures involved hehe

A
  1. renal artery
  2. interlobar artery
  3. arcuate artery
  4. interlobular artery
  5. afferent arteriole
  6. glomerulus
  7. efferent arteriole
  8. peritubular capillaries & vasa recta
  9. interlobular veins
  10. arcuate vein
  11. interlobar vein
  12. renal vein
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20
Q

the filtration membrane is made up of?

A
  1. endothelium of the glomerulus
  2. podocytes
  3. basement membrane of the capillaries
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21
Q

blood vessels that travel alongside nephron tubules in the cortex which allows for reabsorption and secretion are called?

A

peritubular capillaries

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21
Q

specialized portions of the peritubular capillaries that extend deep into the medulla?

A

vasa recta

22
Q

process wherein substances are moved from the blood to the tubular fluid

A

tubular secretion

23
Q

urine composition of a healthy person

A

Water, organic wastes, and excess ions

24
Q

mvmnt of water, ions, and small molecules through the filtration membrane is called?

A

filtration

25
Q

The process by which the nephron returns water and some filtered molecules to the blood

A

tubular reabsorption

26
Q

The pressure that forces fluid through the walls of the glomerulus into the space within Bowman’s capsule is referred to as?

A

filtration pressure

27
Q

___ pressure is the major force causing fluid to move into Bowman’s capsule from the glomerulus.

A

Glomerular capillary

28
Q

inward pressures that oppose the mvmnt of filtrate rom the glomerulus

A

colloid osmotic & capsular pressures

29
Q

The process that forces fluid through the glomerular capillary walls into Bowman’s capsule is called?

A

filtration pressure

Filtration pressure is overall!

Filtration pressure = glomerular capillary - colloid osmotic & capsular

30
Q

Which region of the nephron is responsible for reabsorbing approximately 65% of the filtrate volume?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

31
Q

substances that are actively secreted by the kidney tubules

A

H+ ions, drugs, potassium

32
Q

structure that dilutes the filtrate by removing solutes and is impermeable to water.

A

ascending loop of henle

33
Q

What are the major factors that influence the volume of urine produced by the kidneys?

A

blood solute concntrtn. & blood volume

34
Q

Which is a protein produced by the liver and acted upon by the enzyme renin?

A

angiotensinogen

35
Q

hormone directly leads to the reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions in the kidney and a decline in urine formation?

A

Aldosterone

36
Q

where does the ADH act upon to increase its permeability?

A

Distal convoluted tubules & Collecting ducts

increased permeability = promotes water reabsorption

37
Q

Renin is an enzyme that acts on a protein produced by the liver called?

A

angiotensinogen

38
Q

Which part of the heart secretes the atrial natriuretic hormone?

A

muscle cells in the right atrium

39
Q

The hormone that decreases Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys is called

A

atrial natriuretic

40
Q

what enzyme converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II

A

angiotensin-converting enzyme

41
Q

the external urethral sphincter is under ___ control

A

voluntary

42
Q

other term for urination

A

micturition

43
Q

micturition reflex is initiated by?

A

stretching of urinary bladder

44
Q

most abundant cation in the extracellular fluid is?; most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is?

A

sodium = extracellular
potassium = intracellular

45
Q

water intake is controlled by neurons in the hypothalamus, collectively known as?

A

thirst center

46
Q

most significant solute in determining total body water and the osmotic pressure of the extracellular fluid?

A

sodium

47
Q

The primary mechanisms that regulate Na+ levels in the extracellular fluid directly monitor what two variables?

A

blood solute concentration and blood pressure

48
Q

In response to an increase in blood potassium levels, the adrenal cortex will ____ the secretion of aldosterone, which will ____ potassium secretion by the kidneys.

A

increase; increase

49
Q

A buffer is any mechanism that resists changes in pH by donating or releasing

A

hydrogen ions

50
Q

enzyme that catalyzes reaction between water and carbon dioxide?

A

carbonic anhydrase

51
Q

If blood pH increases, the rate of H+ secretion

increases or decreases

A

increases

52
Q

If the blood pH level decreases, the rate of ____ reabsorption increases.

A

bicarbonate

53
Q

The opening at the end of the penis is called the external

A

external urinary orifice

Anatomy and Physiology (9 decks)

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