Excretory/Urinary

Question 1

major excretory organ of the body

Answer 1

kidneys

Question 2

layer of fibrous connective tissue surrounding the kidneys

Answer 2

renal capsule

Question 3

enlarged chamber formed by the convergence of the major calyces

Answer 3

renal pelvis

Question 4

region of the kidney where blood vessels, nerves, and the ureter enter and exit the kidney

Answer 4

hilum

Question 5

the renal cortex is ___ to the renal medulla

Answer 5

superficial

Question 6

serves as a cushion for the kidneys against mechanical shock

Answer 6

adipose tissue

Question 7

cone-shaped areas of tissue within the renal medulla are called renal ____

Answer 7

calyces

Question 8

Urine flow from cortex to ureter (disregarding nephrons)

Answer 8

Renal papilla > renal calyx > renal calyces to form renal pelvis > ureter

Question 9

Cone-shaped structures that are located in the medulla of the kidney

Answer 9

renal pyramids

Question 10

The tube conveying urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder is the ____

Answer 10

ureter

Question 11

A funnel-shaped chamber of the kidney that receives urine from the renal pyramid is a

Answer 11

calyx

Question 12

Nephrons that have loops of Henle that extend deep into the medulla of the kidney are ____ nephrons, and nephrons that have loops of Henle that do not extend very deep into the medulla are ____ nephrons.

Answer 12

juxtamedullary; cortical

Question 13

cells that wrap around the glomerular capillaries are called?

Answer 13

podocytes

Question 14

what structure empties urine into the calyx?

Answer 14

papillary duct

Question 15

What are the specialized cells in the walls of the afferent arteriole and distal convoluted tubule called that play an important role in regulating blood pressure?

Answer 15

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 16

Podocytes, glomerular endothelium, and the glomerular basement membrane are components of the ____.

Answer 16

filtration membrane

Question 17

components of the renal corpuscle

Answer 17

Bowman’s capsule & Glomerulus

Question 18

The vessel that normally branches off of the abdominal aorta and supplies a kidney with blood is the?

Answer 18

renal artery

Question 19

blood flow to and away from the kidney?

structures involved hehe

Answer 19

1. renal artery
2. interlobar artery
3. arcuate artery
4. interlobular artery
5. afferent arteriole
6. glomerulus
7. efferent arteriole
8. peritubular capillaries & vasa recta
9. interlobular veins
10. arcuate vein
11. interlobar vein
12. renal vein

Question 20

the filtration membrane is made up of?

Answer 20

1. endothelium of the glomerulus
2. podocytes
3. basement membrane of the capillaries

Question 21

blood vessels that travel alongside nephron tubules in the cortex which allows for reabsorption and secretion are called?

Answer 21

peritubular capillaries

Question 21

specialized portions of the peritubular capillaries that extend deep into the medulla?

Answer 21

vasa recta

Question 22

process wherein substances are moved from the blood to the tubular fluid

Answer 22

tubular secretion

Question 23

urine composition of a healthy person

Answer 23

Water, organic wastes, and excess ions

Question 24

mvmnt of water, ions, and small molecules through the filtration membrane is called?

Answer 24

filtration

Question 25

The process by which the nephron returns water and some filtered molecules to the blood

Answer 25

tubular reabsorption

Question 26

The pressure that forces fluid through the walls of the glomerulus into the space within Bowman's capsule is referred to as?

Answer 26

filtration pressure

Question 27

___ pressure is the major force causing fluid to move into Bowman's capsule from the glomerulus.

Answer 27

Glomerular capillary

Question 28

inward pressures that oppose the mvmnt of filtrate rom the glomerulus

Answer 28

colloid osmotic & capsular pressures

Question 29

The process that forces fluid through the glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsule is called?

Answer 29

filtration pressure | Filtration pressure is overall! ## Footnote Filtration pressure = glomerular capillary - colloid osmotic & capsular

Question 30

Which region of the nephron is responsible for reabsorbing approximately 65% of the filtrate volume?

Answer 30

proximal convoluted tubule

Question 31

substances that are actively secreted by the kidney tubules

Answer 31

H+ ions, drugs, potassium

Question 32

structure that dilutes the filtrate by removing solutes and is impermeable to water.

Answer 32

ascending loop of henle

Question 33

What are the major factors that influence the volume of urine produced by the kidneys?

Answer 33

blood solute concntrtn. & blood volume

Question 34

Which is a protein produced by the liver and acted upon by the enzyme renin?

Answer 34

angiotensinogen

Question 35

hormone directly leads to the **reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions** in the kidney and a decline in urine formation?

Answer 35

Aldosterone

Question 36

where does the ADH act upon to increase its permeability?

Answer 36

Distal convoluted tubules & Collecting ducts | increased permeability = promotes water reabsorption

Question 37

Renin is an enzyme that acts on a protein produced by the liver called?

Answer 37

angiotensinogen

Question 38

Which part of the heart secretes the **atrial natriuretic hormone**?

Answer 38

muscle cells in the right atrium

Question 39

The hormone that decreases Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys is called

Answer 39

atrial natriuretic

Question 40

what enzyme converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II

Answer 40

angiotensin-converting enzyme

Question 41

the external urethral sphincter is under ___ control

Answer 41

voluntary

Question 42

other term for urination

Answer 42

micturition

Question 43

micturition reflex is initiated by?

Answer 43

stretching of urinary bladder

Question 44

most abundant cation in the extracellular fluid is?; most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is?

Answer 44

sodium = extracellular potassium = intracellular

Question 45

water intake is controlled by neurons in the hypothalamus, collectively known as?

Answer 45

thirst center

Question 46

most significant solute in determining total body water and the osmotic pressure of the extracellular fluid?

Answer 46

sodium

Question 47

The primary mechanisms that regulate Na+ levels in the extracellular fluid directly monitor what two variables?

Answer 47

blood solute concentration and blood pressure

Question 48

In response to an increase in blood potassium levels, the adrenal cortex will ____ the secretion of aldosterone, which will ____ potassium secretion by the kidneys.

Answer 48

increase; increase

Question 49

A buffer is any mechanism that resists changes in pH by donating or releasing

Answer 49

hydrogen ions

Question 50

enzyme that catalyzes reaction between water and carbon dioxide?

Answer 50

carbonic anhydrase

Question 51

If blood pH increases, the rate of H+ secretion | increases or decreases

Answer 51

increases

Question 52

If the blood pH level decreases, the rate of ____ reabsorption increases.

Answer 52

bicarbonate

Question 53

The opening at the end of the penis is called the external

Answer 53

external urinary orifice