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Anatomy and Physiology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

____allow cells to communicate with each other

not hormones

A

Chemical messengers

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2
Q

controlled release of chemicals from a cell

A

secretion

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3
Q

chemical messenger that stimulates the cell that secreted it

A

autocrine

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4
Q

chemical messengers that act locally on neighboring cells

A

paracrine

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5
Q

chemical messengers secreted by neurons

A

neurotransmitters

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6
Q

chemical messengers secreted into the bloodstream by certain glands and cells

A

endocrine

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7
Q

secretions of endocrine glands

A

hormones

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8
Q

hormones circulate through the bloodstream to specific sites called ____

A

target tissues or effectors

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9
Q

these glands have ducts that carry secretions outside of the body

A

exocrine glands

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10
Q

transport chaperone of hormones

A

binding proteins

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11
Q

two types of hormones

A

lipid-soluble & water-soluble

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12
Q

examples of lipid-soluble hormones

oid hormones

A

steroid & thyroid hormones

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13
Q

examples of water-soluble hormones

A

protein, peptide, and amino acid derivative hormones

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14
Q

are water-soluble hormones much quicker to dissolve than lipid-soluble?

yes or no?

A

yes, because water-soluble hormones have higher solubilities (water-soluble nga eh)

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15
Q

enzymes that break hormones in the bloodstream are called

A

proteases

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16
Q

type of hormone secretion wherein hormone levels are relatively constant overtime

acute or chronic

A

chronic hormone secretion

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17
Q

type of hormone secretion wherein hormone levels are rapidly increasing in response to a stimulus

acute or chronic

A

acute hormone secretion

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18
Q

type of hormone secretion wherein hormone levels are secreted at fairly predictable intervals and concentrations

acute, chronic, or episodic

A

episodic hormone secretion

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19
Q

control of hormone release by influence of body fluids

A

control by humoral stimuli

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20
Q

control of hormonal release by action potentials or neurotransmitters

A

control by neural stimuli

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21
Q

control of hormonal release that occurs when hormones stimulate the secretion of other hormones

A

control by hormonal stimuli

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22
Q

hormones secreted by anterior pituitary gland

A

tropic hormones

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23
Q

two types of hormones secreted by the hypothalamus

A

inhibiting and stimulating hormones

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24
Q

most hormones are regulated by what type of feedback

A

negative

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25
Q

target cell proteins of hormones

A

receptors

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26
Q

receptors of lipid-soluble hormones

A

nuclear receptors

lipid-soluble are small & nonpolar, they diffuse ezlly thru plasma memb

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27
Q

where are nuclear receptors found in a cell

A

nucleus & cytoplasm

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28
Q

where do water-soluble hormones bind?

A

membrane-bound receptors

they r large & cannot pass thru plasma membrane.

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29
Q

what type of receptors can we find the second-messenger system?

A

membrane-bound receptors

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30
Q

what connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

A

infundibulum

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31
Q

where does the pituitary gland rest?

A

sella turcica

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32
Q

two lobes of the pituitary gland

A

anterior & posterior

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33
Q

what lobe of the pituitary is continuous with the hypothalamus?

A

posterior pituitary gland/neurophysis

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34
Q

hormones of the posterior pituitary gland are called?

A

neurohormones or neuropeptides

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35
Q

portal system/circulatory system that extends from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland?

A

hypothalamohypophysial

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36
Q

two types of hormones that the hypothalamus secretes?

A

secreting and inhibiting

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37
Q

GHRH?

A

Growth hormone–releasing
hormone

targets anterior pituitary cells that secrete growth hormone

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38
Q

GHIH

A

Growth hormone–inhibiting
hormone

Somatostatin

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39
Q

TRH

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

Anterior pituitary cells that secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone

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40
Q

CRH

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

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41
Q

GnRH

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Anterior pituitary cells that secrete luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone

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42
Q

PRH

A

Prolactin-releasing hormone

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43
Q

PIH

A

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone

44
Q

ADH function?

Antidiuretic hormone

A

promotes the reabsorption of water in the kidney tubules.

45
Q

Other term for ADH?

A

Vasopressin

bcoz it also constricts blood vessels & raised bp when der r large amnts

46
Q

ADH secretion rate increases as blood ________ increases

A

osmolality

osmolality of a sol’n increases as the concentration of solute increases

not too concentrated, not too diluted

47
Q

what do you call the receptors sensitive to changes in blood osmolality?

A

osmoreceptors

48
Q

Higher osmolality in blood results to higher ____ levels

what hormone?

A

ADH

49
Q

Increased water reabsorption?

what hormone?

A

ADH

Antidiuretic hormone

50
Q

Increased uterine contractions

what hormone

A

Oxytocin

51
Q

2 hormones secrreted by the posterior pituitary gland?

A

ADH & Oxytocin

52
Q

increased growth in tissues, amino acid uptake, and protein synthesis

what hormone?

A

GH (Growth hormone) or somatotropin

53
Q

Increased thyroid hormone

what hormone?

A

TSH or Thyroid-stimulating hormone

54
Q

Increased glucocorticoid hormone secretion

what hormone?

A

ACTH or Adrenocorticotropic hormone

55
Q

Increased lipid breakdown

what hormone?

A

Lipoproteins

56
Q

Analgesia in the brain

what hormone?

Inhibition of gonadotropin-releasing hormone

A

B endorphins

57
Q

Increased melanin production

what hormone?

A

MSH or Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

58
Q

Progesterone and Testosterone synthesis?

what hormoneSSS?

A

LH or Luteinizing hormone; ICSH or Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone

LH for women, ICSH for men

59
Q

estrogen & sperm cell production?

what hormone?

A

FSH or Follicle-stimulating hormone

60
Q

Milk production in lactating women

what hormone?

A

Prolactin

61
Q

what connects the ____ lobes of the thyroid gland?

number & term

A

2 lobes; isthmus connects them

62
Q

the center of thyroid follicles is called?

A

colloids

63
Q

Colloids of each follicle in the thyroid is composed of what?

highly concentrated protein

A

thyroglobulin

64
Q

What is the precursor of thyroid hormones?

A

thyroglobulin

65
Q

two types of thyroid hormones

A

triiodothyronine & tetraiodothyronine; T3 & T4

66
Q

3 hormones secreted by the thyroid gland

A

T3, T4, Calcitonin

67
Q

Secretions of
a. follicles?
b. parafollicular cells?

A

a. T3 & T4
b. Calcitonin

68
Q

Secreted by the parathyroid gland?

A

PTH or Parathyroid hormone

69
Q

hormone responsible for increased metabolism

A

Thyroid hormones

70
Q

hormone responsible for the decreased rate of bone breakdown?

due to high calcium levels in blood

A

Calcitonin

71
Q

hormone responsible for increased osteoclas activity, calcium re/absorption in the kidneys/small intestine?

A

PTH or Parathyroid hormone

72
Q

T4 is more potent than T3

true or false

A

FALSE!

T3 is more potent than T4

73
Q

consistent abnormal increase in thyroid hormone secretion is termed as?

A

hyperthyroidism

74
Q

inability to secrete enough thyroid hormones is termed as?

A

hypothyroidism

75
Q

the enlargement of the thyroid gland

A

goiter

76
Q

other term for parafollicular cells

A

C cells

77
Q

Abnormal low levels of calcium in the blood

what term?

A

hypocalcemia

78
Q

the adrenal glands are also called as ____ because they are near the superior poles of the kidneys

A

suprarenal glands

79
Q

adrenal glands are composed of inner ____ and outer ____

A

medulla; cortex

80
Q

3 layers of the adrenal cortex?

A

zona glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis

81
Q

thickest layer of the adrenal gland

A

zona fasciculata

82
Q

two secretions of the adrenal medulla

A

norepinephrine & epinephrine

83
Q

____ is a precursor to the formation of epinephrine

A

norepinephrine

84
Q

Increased cardiac output, flood flow to skelet muscles & heart, vasoconstriction of blood vessels

what hormone?

A

epinephrine or adrenaline

85
Q

3 hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex

A

Mineralocorticoids
(aldosterone), glucocorticoids
(cortisol), Androgens

86
Q

increased Na reabsorption, K & H secretion, enchanced water reabsorption

what hormone

A

aldosterone

87
Q

Increased protein and lipid breakdown, glucose production, and inhibition of immune respone

what hormone?

A

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

88
Q

minor importance in males; in females, secondary sex characteristics, axillary & pubic hair

what hormone

A

Androgens

89
Q

What gland is classified as both an exocrine and endocrine gland?

A

pancreas

90
Q

what composes the endocrine part of the pancreas?

(If exocrine is pancreatic juice to ducts)

A

Pancreatic islets

Islets of Langerhans

91
Q

What are the 3 cells that make up the islets?

A

Alpha, Beta, Delta

A = 20%; B = 75%; D = 5%

92
Q

collection of neurons in the brain that controls appetite

A

satiety center

93
Q

Secretions of cells in Islets

A=?
B=?
D=?

A

A. Glucagon
B. Insulin
C. Somatostatin

94
Q

Increased breakdown of glycogen, release of glucose in the blood

what hormone when you have low blood glucose?

A

Glucagon

95
Q

Increased uptake and use of glucose and amino acids

what hormone when you have high blood glucose?

A

Insulin

96
Q

Inhibition of insulin and glucagon secretion

what hormone?

A

Somatostatin

97
Q

In general,, the target tissue responds to insulin by increasing its ability to take up and use glucose and amino acids.

True or False?

A

TRUE

98
Q

intense sensation of hunger despite high blood glucose levels

A

polyphagia

99
Q

increased urine volume

A

polyuria

100
Q

increased sensation of thirst

A

polydipsia

101
Q

Type I vs Type II Diabetes Mellitus

A

insulin-dependent (autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islets) and nonsinsulin-dependent (inability of tissues to respond to insulin)

102
Q

What type of diabetes mellitus is more common?

A

Type II diabetes

103
Q

Hyperglycemia stimulates which cells of the pancreatic islets? produces what hormone?

A

stimulates B cells; produces insulin

104
Q

Inhibition of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion, thereby inhibiting reproduction; significance is not clear in humans; may help regulate sleep-wake cycles

what hormone?

A

Melatonin

105
Q

Possible inhibition of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion

A

Arginine Vasotocin

106
Q

Possible inhibition of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion

what horemone

A

Thymosin

Anatomy and Physiology (9 decks)

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