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anatomy and physiology > Reproductive > Flashcards

Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

process that allows for the exchange of genetic information at the onset of meiosis?

A

crossing over

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2
Q

If mitosis is for somatic cells, ___ is for gametes

A

meiosis

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3
Q

products after second meiosis

A

4 daughter cells containing 23 chromosomes

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4
Q

produces about 60% of the semen

A

seminal vesicle

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5
Q

site of final maturation of sperm

A

epididymis

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6
Q

saclike structure that contains the testes

A

scrotum

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7
Q

what muscle contracts when cold and contraction results in the scrotum being firm and wrinkled, reducing the overall size of the scrotum?

A

dartos muscle

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8
Q

What is the layer of smooth muscle under the superficial fascia of the scrotum called?

A

dartos muscle

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9
Q

effect of the contraction of dartos & cremaster muscles?

A

testes closer to the body = warmer & firm, wrinkled scrotum = smaller in size

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10
Q

site of sperm production in the testes

A

seminiferous tubules

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11
Q

why is it important that the testes are located outside the body cavity?

A

sperm must develop at temperatures less than normal body temp

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12
Q

where do human gonads initially develop?

A

in the abdominopelvic cavity (near the kidneys)

they move from that cavity through the inguinal canal

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13
Q

____ is the process of sperm production

A

spermatogenesis

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14
Q

what do interstitial cells produce

A

testosterone

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15
Q

precursor cells of sperm cells are called

A

spermatogonia or germ cell (spermatogonium for singular)

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16
Q

a mature sperm cell is also known as?

A

spermatozoon

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17
Q

part of the sperm that contains enzymes needed to penetrate the egg is called

A

acromosome

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18
Q

The ductules that carry sperm from the testis and empty into the epididymis are the?

A

efferent ductules

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19
Q

the final changes that occur in sperm after ejaculation is termed as?

A

capacitation

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20
Q

after sperm production in the testes, where does sperm travel to reach the epididymis?

A

rete testis first then efferent ductules

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21
Q

the duct that carries sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct is called?

A

vas/ductus deferens

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22
Q

arrange the structures in order

sperm travel
- seminiferous tubules
- epididymis
- vas deferens
- urethra
- ejaculatory duct
- rete testis
- efferent ductules

A
  1. seminiferous tubules
  2. rete testis
  3. efferent ductules
  4. epididymis
  5. vas deferens
  6. ejaculatory duct
  7. urethra
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23
Q

a wider area of the vas deferens close to the prostate

A

ampulla

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24
Q

tube that transports sperm from the ductus deferens through the prostate gland and into the urethra is the?

A

ejaculatory duct

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25
Q

arrange

sperm travel structures
- ampulla
- vas deferens
- ejaculatory duct
- membranous urethra
- spongy urethra
- prostatic urethra

A
  1. vas deferens
  2. ampulla
  3. ejaculatory duct
  4. prostatic urethra
  5. membranous urethra
  6. spongy urethra
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26
Q

are seminal vesicles located anterior or posterior to the urinary bladder?

A

posterior to the urinary bladder

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27
Q

what forms when the seminal vesicles and the vas deferens converge?

A

ejaculatory duct

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28
Q

What is the erectile column of the penis that passes along the ventral side and encloses the penile urethra?

A

corpus spongiosum

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29
Q

what are the 3 columns of erectile tissue in the penis?

A

2 corpora cavernosa - dorsal side
1 corpus spongiosum - ventral side

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30
Q

loose fold of skin that covers the glans penis

A

prepuce

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31
Q

opening of the penis

A

external urethral orifice

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32
Q

bulbourethral secretion

A

mucous for:
- urethra & intercourse lubricant
- neut of vagina & urethra (sperm mvmnt)

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33
Q

Seminal Vesicle secretion

A

4F (Fluid, Fructose, Fibrinogen, Flavin, Prostaglandin)

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34
Q

Prostate gland secretion

A

alkaline solution, proteolytic enzymes

thin, milky

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35
Q

A component of the semen that is a thick, nourishing fluid and stimulates smooth muscle contractions is produced by the

A

seminal vesicles

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36
Q

The gonadotropin that stimulates spermatogenesis is

A

FSH

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37
Q

In males, FSH targets the ___ and LH targets the ____ of the testes.

A

sustentacular cells (sertoli cells); interstitial cell

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38
Q

movement of sperm and fluids through the male repro system to the urethra is termed as

A

emission

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39
Q

forceful expulsion of semen from the urethra is called?

A

ejaculation

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40
Q

Pleasurable sensations that occur during the sex act culminate in an intense sensation called ____

A

orgasm

intense sensation after a compilation of pleasureable ones

41
Q

Pleasurable sensations that occur during the sex act culminate in an intense sensation called ____

A

orgasm

intense sensation after a compilation of pleasureable ones

42
Q

phase wherein penis is flaccid and unable to achieve erection

A

resolution

43
Q

4 phases of male sexual act

A
  1. erection
  2. emission
  3. ejaculation
  4. resolution
44
Q

is erection sympath.. or parasympa…

A

parasympathetic

only erection is para; the rest are sympathetic

45
Q

3 ligaments that secure the ovaries into position

A
  1. broad
  2. suspensory
  3. ovarian
46
Q

ligament that connects the ovary to the superior margin of the uterus is the?

A

ovarian ligament

47
Q

ligament that attaches the ovary to the lateral body wall

A

suspensory ligament

48
Q

ligament that spreads out on both sides of the uterus and attaches to the ovaries and uterine tubes

A

broad ligament

49
Q

femal reproductive cells found within the ovarian follicles

A

oocytes

50
Q

in what phase does meiosis stop for oogonia? and what is the cell at this stage called?

A

meiosis during prophase I, leaving primary oocytes as is until puberty

51
Q

The cells of the innermost layer that surrounds the oocyte in a secondary follicle are called

A

granulosa cells

52
Q

meiosis stops at prophase I in the first meiotic division with the formation of?

A

primary oocyte

53
Q

the follicles that become primary follicles are called?

A

primordial follicles

primordial has a single layer of granulosa

54
Q

layer of clear material that is deposited around the primary oocyte

A

zona pellucida

55
Q

developing female gametes as they progress through meiosis I

A

primary oocytes

56
Q

capsule surrounding a secondary follicle

A

theca

57
Q

fluid-filled cavity in a mature follicle

A

antrum

58
Q

A follicle that consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells surrounding a large primary oocyte

A

primary follicle

59
Q

the release of what from an ovary is called ovulation

A

secondary oocyte

60
Q

fluid-filled cavity in a mature follicle is called

A

antrum

61
Q

The mass of granulosa (epithelial) cells surrounding the oocyte in the mature follicle are the?

A

cumulus cells

62
Q

What will be formed only if the secondary oocyte is fertilized?

A

second polar body

63
Q

penetration of a secondary oocyte by a sperm cell is known as

A

fertilization

64
Q

remnants of the follicle formed after an egg has been ovulated?

A

corpus luteum

65
Q

If meiosis II of oogenesis completes, the small, nonviable daughter cell that is formed is the

A

second polar body

66
Q

duct that extends from the ovary to the uterus and conveys an egg to the uterus

A

fallopian tube/uterine tube

67
Q

Fringelike projections extending from the opening of the uterine tube are called

A

fimbriae

also the long, thin projections from fallop tube that surround the ovary

68
Q

widest and longest portion of the uterine tube where fertilization usually occurs is called the

A

ampulla

69
Q

superior broad part of the uterus is called the

A

fundus

70
Q

layers of the uterine wall

A

perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium

71
Q

process wherein fertilized oocyte travels to the uterus and embeds in the uterine wall.

A

implantation

72
Q

3 major parts of the uterus

A

Fundus = superior
Body = main part
Cervical canal = inferior

73
Q

The passage through the cervix that connects the uterus and the vagina is the

A

cervical canal

74
Q

It is the site of implantation and the source of menstrual discharge.

what muscle layer

A

endometrium

75
Q

what ligaments supports the uterus

A

broad ligament and round ligament

76
Q

condition wherein the pelvic floor in a woman weakens and the uterus extends inferiorly into the vagina

A

prolapsed uterus

77
Q

membrane that stretches across the vaginal orifice

A

hymen

78
Q

the female external genitalia are collectively known as?

A

vulva

79
Q

thin, hairless folds of skin lateral to the vaginal and urethral openings are called the

A

labia minora

80
Q

tube that allows discharge of menstrual fluid, receipt of the penis and semen, and birth of a baby

A

vagina

81
Q

erectile organ of the female genitalia

A

clitoris

82
Q

external fold of the labia minora that covers the clitoris

A

prepuce

83
Q

vagina and urethra open into a space called?

A

vestibule

84
Q

hair-covered anterior surface over the pubic symphysis

A

mons pubis

85
Q

two large skin folds that usually come together to conceal the structures of the vestibule

A

labia majora

86
Q

colored circular zone surrounding the nipple of the breast

A

areola

87
Q

what do you call the region between the anus and the vagina?

A

clinical perineum

88
Q

abnormal enlargement of male breasts

A

gynecomastia

89
Q

ligaments that attach the breast to the dermis of the overlaying skin and the fascia of the pectoralis major

A

suspensory ligaments

90
Q

first sloughing of the uterine lining is called

first mentstrual bleeding

A

menarche

91
Q

during what phase does the part of the endometrium sloughs off?

A

menses

92
Q

3 phases of the menstrual cycle

A

menses, secretory phase, proliferative

93
Q

secretory and proliferative phases are associated with which structure?

A

uterus

94
Q

involves the rupture of the mature follicle and the release of its egg and surrounding cells at about day 14 of the ovarian cycle

A

ovulation

95
Q

What hormone is at its highest levels AFTER ovulation occurs?

A

Progesterone

96
Q

What hormone is at its highest levels AFTER ovulation occurs?

A

Progesterone

highest also during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle

97
Q

Ovulation is due to a spike in the levels of what hormone?

A

Luteinizing hormone

98
Q

What structure implants in the endometrium of the uterus?

A

blastocyst

if blastocyst implants outside the uterus, ectopic pregnancy

anatomy and physiology (9 decks)

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