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Anatomy and Physiology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Nervous System

A
  • Maintaining homeostasis
  • Receiving sensory input
  • Integrating information
  • Controlling muscles & glands
  • Establishing and maintaining mental activity
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2
Q

Two main divisions of the nervous system?

A

Central and Peripheral

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3
Q

2 main divisions of Peripheral Nervous

A

Sensory & Motor Division

Afferent & Efferent

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4
Q

division of the nervous system composed of the brain and spinal cord

A

CNS

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5
Q

division of the nervous system which consists of the nervous tissue outside the CNS

A

PNS

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6
Q

____ send electrical messages to other cells

A

neurons

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7
Q

A ____ is a bundle of many
axons that connects the CNS to sensory receptors, muscles, and glands

A

nerve

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8
Q

how many cranial nerves are there?

A

12 pairs (24)

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9
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves?

A

31 pairs (62)

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10
Q

has both sensory and motor neurons and contained wholly within the digestive tract

A

Enteric Nervous System

ENS

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11
Q

2 divisions of the motor division?

A

Somatic & Autonomic

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12
Q

So anong difference ng Autonomic sa Somatic division?

A

Somatic targets skeletal muscles & soma = body; whereas Autonomic controls unconscious activities sa body kaya nga Auto = automatic siya wala kang gagawin

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13
Q

2 divisions of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic & Parasympathetic

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14
Q

A ____ is the junction of a neuron between another cell

A

synapse

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15
Q

main cells of nervous s’tem that receive stimuli, conduct action potentials, & transmit signals to other neurons

A

neurons

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16
Q

what receives info from other neurons then transmits it towards the cell body?

short; cytoplasmic extension

A

dendrite

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17
Q

part of a neuron that sends signals away or toward the CNS

A

axon

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18
Q

3 types of neurons

A

pseudo-uni, bipolar, multipolar

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19
Q

type of neuron that is many to one

many dendrites & one axon

plenty receivers one sender

A

multipolar

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20
Q

type of neuron that has one dendrite & one axon

one is to one

A

bipolar

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21
Q

type of neuron that has one process from the cell body that extends into 2 branches?

one branch to CNS; another to PNS

A

psedo-unipolar

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22
Q

Functional types of neurons?

A

Sensory, Motor, Interneuron

Interneurons conduct potentials within the CNS from one neuron 2 another

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23
Q

Supporting cells of the nervous system are called

A

Glial cells

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24
Q

major supporting cells in the CNS that stimulate or inhibit signaling activity of neurons

also part of the blood-brain barrier between blood & CNS

A

Astrocyte

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25
Q

____ line the fluid-filled cavities within the CNS and produces cerebrospinal fluid

lines the venctricles & canals

A

ependymal cells

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26
Q

immune cells of the CNS

A

microglia

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27
Q

cells that provide myelin sheath to axons

A

Oligodendrocytes

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28
Q

gives myelin sheath to axons in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

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29
Q

support and protection of neurons from heavy-metal poisions

A

Satellite cells

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30
Q

Myelinated axons appear?

white, gray, or black?

A

WHITE!

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31
Q

gaps in myelin sheaths are called?

A

nodes of ranvier

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32
Q

Type of nervous tissue that consists of groups of neuron cell bodies and their dendrites where there is very little myelin

A

Gray matter

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33
Q

type of nervous tissue that consists of bundles of parallel axons with their myelin sheaths

A

White matter

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34
Q

Gray matter in the CNS? in the PNS?

A

cortex, nuclei; ganglion

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35
Q

White matter in the CNS? in the PNS?

A

nerve tracts; nerves

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36
Q

Two types of Ion channels

A

Leak channel & Gated channels

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37
Q

types of gated channels

A

Ligang-gates, voltage-gated, and other gated channels

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38
Q

________ occurs when the membrane potential becomes more positive

A

depolarization

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39
Q

occurs when the membrane potential becomes
more negative and is the movement of the membrane potential further away from zero

A

hyperpolarization

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40
Q

Which is more numerous in the inside of the cell? How about the outside?

K+ or Na+

A

Potassium is higher inside. Sodium is higher outside

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41
Q

the inside of the cell membrane is ____ charged and the outside is ____?

negatively charged or positively charged

A

inside is negatively charged; outside is positively charged

that is why K+ ions come in. thus, resting membrane potential

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42
Q

what is the small voltage difference that can be measured accross the cell membrane?

A

potential

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43
Q

plasma membrane is ____ times more permeable to K+ than any other posi-charged ions (Na+)

A

50-100 more times

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44
Q

When stimulus is applied to a muscle or nerve cell, what channel opens?

A

Na+ or Sodium channels open

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45
Q

The movement of Na+ into the cell is called____, and causes the cell to become ____, a change called ____.

A

local current; positive; depolarization

46
Q

____ of graded potentials occurs when the effects produced by one graded potential combine with the effects produced by a different graded potential elsewhere on the plasma membrane, which could lead to an action potential

A

Summation

combi of graded potntls frm diff places tht cld lead 2 action potential

47
Q

Increased permeability of cells to Na+ results to what?

A

Depolarization

48
Q

Increased permeability of the membrane to K+ or Cl- results in what?

A

hyperpolarization

49
Q

____ is the membrane potential at which voltage-gated Na+ channels open.

when membrane potential reaches this, Na+ channels open

A

Threshold

50
Q

REMEMBER!

As long as the Na+ and K+ concentrations remain unchanged across the plasma membrane, all the action potentials produced by a cell are identical. They all take the same amount of time, and they all exhibit the same magnitude

A

basta pareho Na+ & K+ pareho lang lahat ng action potential na mapproduce

51
Q

period wherein area on the plasma membrane becomes less sensitive to further stimulation

A

refractory period

52
Q

the first part of the refractory period wherein complete insensitivity to another stimulus exists

A

absolute refractory period

53
Q

The ____ follows the absolute refractory period and is the time during which a stronger-than-threshold stimulus can evoke another action potential

A

relative refractory period

saur basically eto yung after ng absolute ref period

54
Q

A type of stimulus that only produces a graded potential

A

subthreshold stimulus

55
Q

A type of stimulus that causes a graded potentital that reaches threshold and results in a single action potential

A

threshold stimulus

56
Q

a type of stimulus that is greater than a threshold stimulus and weaker than a maximal stimulus

A

submaximal

57
Q

the action potential frequency ____ as the strength of the submaximal stimulus increases

increases or decreases

A

increases

58
Q

A type of stimulus that produces a maximum frequency of action potentials

A

maximal or supramaximal

59
Q

conduction in unmyelinated axons is called?

A

continuous

60
Q

conduction in myelinated axons is called

A

saltatory conduction

saltare, to leap

61
Q

conduction in myelinated axons is called

A

saltatory conduction

saltare, to leap

62
Q

the cell that transmits the signal towards the synapse is called?

A

presynaptic cell

63
Q

the target cell receiving the information is called

A

postsynaptic cell

64
Q

summation that occurs when multiple action potentials from separate neurons arrive at the same postsynaptic neuron

A

spatial summation

from many presynaptic to one postsynaptic

65
Q

occurs when two or more action potentials arrive in succession at a single presynaptic terminal

A

temporal summation

one presynaptic to one postsynaptic

66
Q

3 components of chemical synapse

A

presynaptic, postsynaptic, synaptic cleft

67
Q

what can happen to the neurotransmitter once it is on the postsynaptic membrane?

A

broken down by enzyme
taken back by presynaptic
diffuses out of synaptic cleft

68
Q

pathway wherein multiple neurons converge upon and synapse with smaller number of neurons

A

convergent pathway

69
Q

pathway wherein a smaller number of presynaptic synapse with a larger number of postsynaptic neurons

A

divergent pathway

70
Q

where the spinal cord ends

A

cauda equina

71
Q

most superficial and thickest of the meninges

A

dura mater

72
Q

middle part of the meninges that is very thin and spiderlike

A

arachnoid mater

73
Q

deepest of the meninges and is bound very tightly to both the brain and spinal cord

A

pia mater

74
Q

layer or space where CSF can be found

A

subarachnoid space

between arachnoid mater and pia mater

75
Q

horns of the gray matter in the spine

A

anterior, posterior, and lateral horns

ventral, dorsal, lateral

76
Q

center of the spinal cord

A

central canal

77
Q

If ____ is to motor, then ____ is to sensory

ventral or dorsal

A

Ventral root, Dorsal root

78
Q

basic functional unit of the nervous system

A

reflex arc

79
Q

Composition of reflex arc

A

(1) a sensory receptor, (2) a sensory neuron, (3) an interneuron, (4) a motor neuron, and (5) an effector organ

80
Q

simplest reflex is called

and example is?

A

stretch reflex

knee-jerk or patellar reflex is an example

80
Q

simplest reflex is called

and example is?

A

stretch reflex

knee-jerk or patellar reflex is an example

81
Q

type of reflex that prevents contracting muscles from applying excessive tension to tendons

A

Golgi Tendon Reflex

82
Q

reflex wherein its function is to remove a limb or a body part from a painful stimulus

A

withdrawal reflex

83
Q

3 layers of connective tissue in nerves

A

Endoneurium, Perineurium, Epineurium

84
Q

If ____ is the PNS, then ____ is in the CNS

tracts or nerves

A

Nerves; Tracts

85
Q

a major branch of a spinal nerve

A

ramus

86
Q

rami that innervate most of the deep muscles of the dorsal trunk responsible for moving the vertebral column

A

Dorsal rami

87
Q

rami that form intercostal nerves and plexuses

A

ventral rami

88
Q

Plexus names of:
C1-C4?
C5-T1?
L1-L4?
L4-S4?
S5&Co?

A

Cervical
Brachial
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal

89
Q

nerve responsible for diaphragm contraction

A

phrenic nerve

cervical plexus

90
Q

connecs the spinal cord to the cerebrum

has medulla oblongata, pons, and mibdrain w/ reticular formations

A

brainstem

91
Q

part of brainstem that is a center for reflex, e.g., heart rate, breathing, vomiting, swallowing

A

medulla oblongata

92
Q

part of the brainstem just superior to the medulla oblongata

A

pons

93
Q

smallest region of brainstem

serves as visual reflex center and is a part of auditory pathway

A

midbrain

94
Q

scatterred throughout brainstem and controls motor, pain perception, and sleep-wake cycle

A

reticular formation

95
Q

part of the brain that controls muscle movement and tone; governs balance and involved in learning motor skills

A

cerebellum

96
Q

connects the brainstem to the cerebrum

A

diencephalon

97
Q

subdivisions of diencephalon

A

epithalamus
thalamus
hypothalamus

98
Q

part of the brain that controls perception, thought, and can override most systems

A

cerebrum

99
Q

diencephalon region involved in motor function

A

subthalamus

100
Q

diencephalon region responsible for emotions through smell and location of the pineal gland

habenula nd pineal gland loc

A

epithalamus

101
Q

part of diencephalon responsible for endocrine functions

A

hypothalamus

102
Q

the folds in the brain are called? the grooves are called?

A

folds are gyri, grooves are sulci

103
Q

Cerebrum Lobes and Functions

Frontal:
Pariteral:
Occipital:
Temporal:

A

Frontal: motor functions
Pariteral: sensory area
Occipital: visual center
Temporal: auditory and smell; judgement and memory

104
Q

CSF is produced where and by?

A

choroid plexus by ependymal cells

105
Q

where does CSF pass from the lateral to the fourth ventricle?

A

interventricular foramen or foramen of monro

106
Q

Passageway of CSF from 3rd to 4th vntricle

A

cerebral aqueduct

107
Q

what forms the blood-brain barrier

A

endothelial, ependymal, and astrocytes

108
Q

Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Victor’s Good Velvet’s A Heaven

A

Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Tringeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal

smell, vision, eye mvmnt (2), mastication, eye muscle, facial expression

hearing & balance, taste, pharynx palate nd larynx, spinal comp, tongue muscles

109
Q

Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More

A

Sensory, Sensory, Motor, Motor, Both, Motor, Both, Sensory, Both, Both, Motor, Motor

Anatomy and Physiology (9 decks)

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