Lymphatics Flashcards
the specialized lymphatic capillaries located in the lining of the small intestine are called?
lacteals
organs of the lymphatic?
spleen, thymus, and tonsils
from lymphatic capillaries, where does lymph flow directly to?
lymphatic vessels; then L or R subclavian vein
Which feature of the lymphatic capillaries allows fluid to enter from the interstitial space but prevents the lymph from returning to the interstitial space.
valve-like reason
overlapping squamous cells of vessel walls
structure of fluid flow in order
blood travels to and from to become lymph
- blood capillaries (blood)
- interstitial spaces (interstitial fluid)
- lymphatic capillaries (lymph)
- lymphatic vessels (lymph)
lymphatic vessels are present in most tissue of the body except?
5 siya, what r those?
CNS, Bone Marrow, Cartilage, Epidermis, and Cornea
does lymph have red bloodz in it?
yes or no
no. rbcs are too large (same w/ protein)
factors affecting lymph flow
3 siya
- smooth muscle contractions (of lymph vessels)
- skelet muscle contracting around vessels
- pressure changes in the thorax during breathing
the main type of fiber comprising lymphatic tissue is?
reticular fiber
the majority of lymph is drained where?
right lymph duct or thoracic?
thoracic duct
what tonsil is also known as adenoids?
pharyngeal tonsils
lymphatic structures found between the oral cavity and the nasal cavity/pharynx?
tonsils
most important and most prevalent type of wbc that comprises lymphatic organs?
lymphocyte
Lymph nodes are surrounded by a tough connective tissue ___ that extends into the node to form ______, which subdivide the lymph node.
capsule; trabeculae
The space between aggregates of lymphatic tissue that contains a network of fibers with attached macrophages
lymphatic sinus
Which structure divides lymph nodes into different compartments?
Trabeculae
If germinal centers contain lymphocytes, where r the macrophages?
lymphatic sinuses
tough connective tissue that surrounds lymph nodes?
capsule
these are extensions of the capsules that extends into the node
these subdivide a node in2 areas containing lymphatic tissue & sinuses
trabeculae
is the spleen responsible for lymph filtration?
yes or no
no, spleen filters blood instead of lymph
may also act as a blood reservoir, and kill old nd dmged rbcs
is the spleen responsible for lymph filtration?
yes or no
no, spleen filters blood instead of lymph
may also act as a blood reservoir, and kill old nd dmged rbcs
the lymphatic tissue surrounding the arteries within the spleen
white pulp
this pulp is associated with the veins nd consists of a fibrous network, filled with macrophages & rbcs, and enlarged capillaries that connect to the veins
red pulp
the ability to resist damage from foreign substances and cancer cells
immunity
site of T cell maturation
thymus
cells produced in the red bone marrow that may either mature in the marrow or thymus and then reside in lymphatic tissue
lymphocytes
when response is rapid but fixed, it is known as what type of immunity?
innate immunity
adaptive takes longer kasi nga nag-aadapt
specificity and memory are characteristics of what type of immunity?
adaptive
what happens when an individual does not have a thymus?
a. they will not have any immunoprotection
b. they will not have mature b-cells in circulation
c. they will not be able to produce complement
d. they will not have mature t-cells in circulation
D. they will not have mature t-cells in circulation
considering pati na thymus is responsible for t-cell maturation
A group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that circulate in the blood, normally in inactive form, is called
complement
complement can be activated by combining with?
2 sila
(1) parts of a bacterial cell & (2) antibodies
the effects when commplement is activated
- promotion of inflammatory response
- increased phagocytosis
- lysing of cells
white blood cell movement towards damaged tissue in response to chems released by the tissue and other cells
chemotaxis
basta taxi hehe
the most important component of the immune system
WBCs
accumulation of dead cells, fluids, and tissue debris at the site of infection is called
pus
leukocytes in the blood that release histamine and leukotrienes and promote inflammation
basophil
cells that are nonmotile and found in connective tissue
(contribute in histamine and leukotriene release)
mast cells
the leukocyte that composes 15% of all lymphocyte is?
NK cell (natural killer)
Virus and tumors are recognized by what leukocyte in innate immunity?
Natural Killer Cells
Immune cell & complement activation can occur as a result of?
Inflammation
two types of inflammation
local (specific region) nd systemic (throughout the body)
chemicals that stimulate fever production to enhance phagocytosis and inhibits replication of some microorgz
pyrogens
___ are substances that stimulate adaptive immune responses
Antigens
two types of antigens
foreign and self
this refers to an overreaction of the immune system to a foreign antigen
allergic reaction
When self-antigens stimulate unwanted tissue destruction, ___ disease can be the result.
autoimmune
Proteins that bind and respond to specific antigens are called
antibodies
immunoglobulins
B cells and antibodies are the primary components of what type of adaptive immunity
antibody-mediated
what part of the lymphocytes combine with specific antigens to initiate adaptive immune response?
receptors
receptors combine with antigens
The adaptive immunity cells that are able to circulate between the blood, lymph, and peripheral tissues are the?
lymphocytes
lymphocytes with identical receptors are called?
clones
all cells in a clone respond only to a particular antigen
The cells that phagocytize foreign antigens are called?
these cells also insert antigens on their cell membranes w/ MHC class II
antigen presenting cells
this class of lymphocytes respond to MHC II and they activate B cells and effector T cells
Helper T cells
True or False
Helper T cells secrete cytokines that stimulate other immune cells.
True
Antibody-mediated immunity is most often stimulated by the activation of what lymphocyte?
Helper T or B cell?
Helper T cells
helper T stimulates B cells
Antibody-mediated immunity is most often stimulated by the activation of what lymphocyte?
Helper T or B cell?
Helper T cells
helper T stimulates B cells
CD4 cells are also known as?
Helper T cells
produced by helper T cells when presented with an antigen
Interleukin-2
the cells that produce antibodies are called?
plasma cells
`
Stimulated B cells divide to form cells that secrete
antibodies
The region of an antibody molecule that binds to the antibody’s target antigen is called the
variable region
The region of an antibody that can activate complement or bind to mast cells, macrophages, or basophils is the?
constant region
constant for complement activation; variable in antigen combination
four polypeptide chains of antibodies?
2 heavy; 2 light
identical w/ each other
The immune response that occurs after the first exposure to an antigen is referred to as the
primary immune response
memory B cells respond to an antigen during a ___ immune response
secondary immune response
Immunoglobulin Identification
The majority of antibodies in the body are of this type. It activates complement and is able to cross placenta. It is responsible for Rh reactions in newborns.
Gago May Aso Eto Daw
IgG
Immunoglobulin Identification
It activates complement and functions as an antigen binding receptor on the surface of B cells. It is responsible for transfusion reactions in the ABO blood system and is the first antibody type produced during a primary immune response.
IgM
Immunoglobulin Identification
It is found in saliva, tears, and mucous membranes, colostrum and milk. It also provides immune protection for newborns.
IgA
Immunoglobulin Identification
It binds to mast cells and basophils and stimulates inflammation.
IgE
Immunoglobulin Identification
It functions as an antigen-binding receptor on B cells.
IgD
What specific cell type is the effector cell for cell-mediated immunity (i.e., the cell type that destroys the antigen-containing cell)?
Cytotoxic T cell
