Cardiovascular System Flashcards
Major organs of the Cardiovascular System
- Heart
- Aorta
- Superior Vena Cava
- Inferior Vena Cava
What are the functions of the Cardiovascular System?
- transportation
- protection & clotting
- acid-base balance
- fluid & electrolyte balance
- temp regulation
where is the heart located?
emphasize, wag lang center. add deetz such its apex
anw, common sense n lng cgur0 2 hahah
- bound by the chest wall anteriorly, diaphragm inferiorly
- located in the mediastinum
- 1/3 on the right side; 2/3 on the left
- base is directed superiorly to the right of the midline and posterior
- apex is pointed to the left of the midline
what membrane surrounds the heart and is composed of fibrous and parietal parts?
Pericardium
the pericardium that is attached to diaphragm, sternum, vertebral colum, and other connective tissues
Outer fibrous peridcardium
This layer of pericardium lines the fibrous pericardium and connects with the visceral pericardium
Parietal pericardium or Epicardium
much better nga lang if alam both layers ng pericardium ^_^ (fib & pari)
3 layers of the heart wall
- Epicardium
- Myocardium
- Endocardium
What layer of the heart wall provides force for contraction?
Myocardium
which layer contains blood vessels directly attached to the heart?
Epi, Myo, or Endo
Endocardium
syempre endo,,, endo is the inner one alr
the receiving ends of the heart
what chamber pi? how many?
2 atria; left & right
chambers that pump blood to the arteries
how many?
2 ventricles; left & right ofc
what septum divides the 2 atrium? what about the septum that divides the 2 ventricles?
Atrial Septum; Interventricular Septum
bsta divides 2 atrium atrial agad. whereas, interventricular sa opposite
these structures in the heart prevents backflow of blood
valves
valve that allows blood to flow from atrium to ventricles
what are the two valves?
Atrioventricular Valve
the 2 valves are the L and R AV valves
(sa baba addtl. info)
these 2 valves are also known as Tricuspid & Bicuspid (Mitral) respectively.
also known as * heart strings; are inelastic cords of fibrous connective tissue that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve and the mitral valve in the heart.
Chordae tendineae
These are valves that are located in a place between the ventricles and the arteries that carry blood away from the heart
Two types?
Semilunar valves
Pulmonary & Aortic
These are valves that are located in a place between the ventricles and the arteries that carry blood away from the heart
Two types?
Semilunar valves
Pulmonary & Aortic
This produces Lub
closure of AV valves
Note: these valves close sabay
closure of what produces the Dub
Semilunar valves
sabay sila!
This is the muscle where the chordae tendineae are anchored
Papillary muscles
located in ventricle walls~
This is the muscle where the chordae tendineae are anchored
Papillary muscles
located in ventricle walls~
This is the opening in the artery present in an unborn child
Ductus arteriosus
Upon closing, the ductus arteriosus becomes?
when baby is born**
ligamentum arteriosum
three types of circulation
- Pulmonary - oxygenation
- Systemic - from heart to body
- Coronary - heart
Pulmonary circulation pathway
enumerate :p and pls do include valves
- SVC, IVC, Coronary Sinus
- Right atrium
- Tricuspid valve
- Right ventricle
- Pulmonary Semilunar valve
- Pulmonary trunk
- Pulmonary arteries
- Lungs
- Pulmonary veins
- Left atrium
Systemic circulation
enumerate & add valves! :p
- Left atrium
- Bicuspid (Mitral) valves
- Left Ventricle
- Aortic semilunar valve
- Aorta
- Body!
this originates from the aortic orifice
aorta
What are the 3 segments of the aorta?
- Ascending Aorta
- Descending
- Arch of the Aorta
The arch of the aorta is further divided into 3 parts, what are those?
ito yung tatlong sungay chuchu
- Brachiocephalic trunk
- Left common carotid artery
- left subclavian artery
brachio trunk bcoz this can be further divided into right caro & subclav
ok poide rin pala artery i searched alr
All arteries carry oxygenated blood except this one
pulmonary artery
The ascending aorta gives rise to ___ arteries
coronary
The descending aorta gives rise to ___ arteries
thoracic
The pericardial sac is lined with an inner layer called the
parietal pericardium
what areas of the heart are supplied by the left coronary artery
Arterior wall of heart and most of left ventricle
the valve located between the right entricle and the pulmonary trunk is the
pulmonary semilunar valve
which layer forms the majority of the thickness of the heart wall
myocardium
what happens when left atrial pressure exceeds left ventricular pressure
bicuspid valve (mitral) opens
In the heart, an action potential originates in the
sinoatrial node
In ventricular systole, the ventricles relax or contract?
contract
the semilunar valves close during?
ventricular diastole
ventricle lagi
the atrioventricular valves open during?
ventricular diastole
ventricle lagi
Ventricular____ causes the atrioventricular valves to close, and then the semilunar valves to open
systole or diastole
Ventricular Systole
Inflammation of the serous pericardium is called?
Pericarditis
In the case of __________, fluid or blood accumulates in the pericardial sac, causing a potentially fatal condition.
Cardiac tamponade
Fibrillation of the heart ventricles:
a. reduces cardiac output
b. caused by malfunction or fluttering of the valves
c. causes a decreases in heart rate or bradycardia
d. occurs when SA node recovers from defibrillation faster than any other conducting part of the heart
reduces cardiac output
galing smartbook swear!
Pain in the area of the chest and left arm wherein the heart muscle receives an insufficient amount of oxy-rich blood
angina pectoris
What cardiac arrhythmia will result in an ECG with no P waves, but normal QRS and T waves?
A. Atrial fibrillation
B. Ventricular tachycardia
C. Bradycardia
D. Atrial flutter
A. Atrial fibrillation
remember that P waves = atrial depolarization
since no P waves, fibrillation in the atria ang nangyari (xori no english)
Obstruction of the ____ will causemore widespread damage to the heart as compared to the obstruction of the other, smaller vessels
A. left marginal vein
B. left coronary artery
C. posterior interventricular vein
D. anterior interventricular artery
B. left coronary artery
Blood is moved through the vascular system by?
A. valves in the wall of the blood vessels
B. rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle in vessel walls
C. pressure gradients created by the heart
D. osmotic pressure
C. pressure gradients created by the heart
How does the struture of a capillary wall differs from that of a vein or artery?
A. capillary wall has only 2 tunics
B. capillaries have more smooth muscle
C. capillary walls are much thinner
D. capillaries can constrict or dilate
C. capillary walls are much thinner
sige mas marunong pa kau sa reinforcement ha
Note:capillaries are composed only of tunica intima or interna
Veins contain valves and arteries do not.
True or false?
True
valves prevent backflow & aid in venous blood return (in large veins)
The abdomninal aorta descends through the abdomen and then divides into?
A. inferior mesenteric arteries
B. common iliac arteries
C. superior mesenteric arteries
D. femoral arteries
common iliac arteries
What artery supplies the small intestine and a portion of the large intestine?
A. inferior phrenic
B. lumbar
C. superior mesenteric
D. Celiac trunk
C. Superior mesenteric artery
As the popliteal vein ascends past the knee and into the thigh, it becomes the?
femoral vein
makes sense coz asa taas ng patella ay femur thus,, femoral vein
The hepatic portal vein is formed by the union of the splenic vein and the?
A. superior mesenteric vein
B. inferior mesenteric vein
C. hepatic vein.
A. superior mesenteric vein
The hepatic portal vein carries blood draining from all of the following organs except the?
A. large intestine
B. stomach
C. small intestine
D. spleen
E. urinary bladder
E. urinary bladder
Which vessel is often used to draw blood from a patient?
A. radial vein
B. brachial artery
C. Median cubital vein
D. Cephalic vein
E. Femoral vein
C. Medan cubital vein
The internal jugular veins join the subclavian veins to form the?
Brachiocephalic veins
Resistance to blood flow is lowest in?
A. Arteries
B. Arterioles
C. Veins
D. Venules
C. Veins
Resistance to blood flow increases as blood vessels?
constrict or dilate?
constrict
yuh, if nagconstrict vessels m syempre mababawasan flow, thus resistance
Which of the following controls blood pressure on a short-term basis?
A. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
B. ADH
C. Atrial natriuretic peptide
D. Baroreflex
D. Baroreflex
Which of the following factors assists in the return of venous blood to the heart?
1. Arterial dilation
2. Valves in the veins
3. Sympathetic stimulation
4. Compression of veins by muscular movements
- Valves in the veins
- Sympathetic stimulation
- Compression of veins by muscular movements
Where is the vasomotor center located?
Pons and medulla oblongata
Which of the following is a long-term regulator of blood pressure?
A. Baroreflex
B. Adrenal medullary mechanism
C. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
C. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mech
Baroreceptors are located in the?
A. aorta and subclavian arteries.
B. aorta and carotid arteries
C. aorta and subclavian veins.
Aorta and carotid arteries
Action potentials are conducted from the baroreceptors to the brain via what nerves?
what cranial nerves?
the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves.
The action potential from the brain to the heart travels along
Vagus nerve
The fluids leave the capillaries at the arterial end because?
A. the net filtration pressure of the blood is higher at the arterial end than it is at the venous end.
B. the net osmotic pressure is higher at the arterial end than it is at the venous end.
C. the net osmotic pressure is higher at the venous end than it is at the arterial end.
A. the net filtration pressure of the blood is higher at the arterial end than it is at the venous end.
why do fluids reenter the capillaries at the venous end?
because the net hydrostatic pressure of the blood is lower at the venous end than it is at the arterial end.
ok basta net filtarion = arterial end; net hydrostatic = venous end
Approximately what percent of fluid that exits the capillaries at the arterial end reenters the capillaries at the venous end?
90%; 10% enters the lymphatic capillaries
Blood ejected by the right ventricle and returned to the left atrium flows through the ____ circulation.
pulmonary or systemic
pulmonary
Pulmonary arteries carry ____ blood and pulmonary veins carry ____ blood
deoxygenated, oxygenated
The layer of blood vessel wall that consists of simple squamous epithelium, a basement membrane, and connective tissue is the tunica?
interna
Tunica ____of blood vessel walls is comprised primarily of connective tissue.
adventitia; externa
Adventitia = dense connective
Media = smooth muscle & elastic connective
Intima or Interna = endothelium & basement membrane
True or false: Medium-sized arteries are frequently called distributing arteries because the smooth muscle enables control of blood flow to different body regions.
True
what is the predominant tunic in large veins? what about in arteries?
tunica adventitia; tunica media
the only arteries that branch off the aorta are called?
coronary arteries (L & R)
Common iliac arteries arise from the division of the?
abdominal aorta
What is a weak and bulging segment of a blood vessel that might hemorrhage called?
aneurysm
what do you call the clot that forms in a blood vessel or a heart chamber?
thrombus
what do you call the obstruction of a blood vessel by any abnormal travelling object in the bloodstream such as blood clot of agglutinated blood cells?
embolism
arteries that the brachial artery branches into
radial and ulnar arteries
