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Anatomy and Physiology > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Major organs of the Cardiovascular System

A
  1. Heart
  2. Aorta
  3. Superior Vena Cava
  4. Inferior Vena Cava
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2
Q

What are the functions of the Cardiovascular System?

A
  • transportation
  • protection & clotting
  • acid-base balance
  • fluid & electrolyte balance
  • temp regulation
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3
Q

where is the heart located?

emphasize, wag lang center. add deetz such its apex

anw, common sense n lng cgur0 2 hahah

A
  • bound by the chest wall anteriorly, diaphragm inferiorly
  • located in the mediastinum
  • 1/3 on the right side; 2/3 on the left
  • base is directed superiorly to the right of the midline and posterior
  • apex is pointed to the left of the midline
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4
Q

what membrane surrounds the heart and is composed of fibrous and parietal parts?

A

Pericardium

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5
Q

the pericardium that is attached to diaphragm, sternum, vertebral colum, and other connective tissues

A

Outer fibrous peridcardium

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6
Q

This layer of pericardium lines the fibrous pericardium and connects with the visceral pericardium

A

Parietal pericardium or Epicardium

much better nga lang if alam both layers ng pericardium ^_^ (fib & pari)

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7
Q

3 layers of the heart wall

A
  1. Epicardium
  2. Myocardium
  3. Endocardium
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8
Q

What layer of the heart wall provides force for contraction?

A

Myocardium

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9
Q

which layer contains blood vessels directly attached to the heart?

Epi, Myo, or Endo

A

Endocardium

syempre endo,,, endo is the inner one alr

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10
Q

the receiving ends of the heart

what chamber pi? how many?

A

2 atria; left & right

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11
Q

chambers that pump blood to the arteries

how many?

A

2 ventricles; left & right ofc

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12
Q

what septum divides the 2 atrium? what about the septum that divides the 2 ventricles?

A

Atrial Septum; Interventricular Septum

bsta divides 2 atrium atrial agad. whereas, interventricular sa opposite

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13
Q

these structures in the heart prevents backflow of blood

A

valves

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14
Q

valve that allows blood to flow from atrium to ventricles

what are the two valves?

A

Atrioventricular Valve

the 2 valves are the L and R AV valves
(sa baba addtl. info)

these 2 valves are also known as Tricuspid & Bicuspid (Mitral) respectively.

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15
Q

also known as * heart strings; are inelastic cords of fibrous connective tissue that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve and the mitral valve in the heart.

A

Chordae tendineae

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16
Q

These are valves that are located in a place between the ventricles and the arteries that carry blood away from the heart

Two types?

A

Semilunar valves

Pulmonary & Aortic

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16
Q

These are valves that are located in a place between the ventricles and the arteries that carry blood away from the heart

Two types?

A

Semilunar valves

Pulmonary & Aortic

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17
Q

This produces Lub

A

closure of AV valves

Note: these valves close sabay

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18
Q

closure of what produces the Dub

A

Semilunar valves

sabay sila!

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19
Q

This is the muscle where the chordae tendineae are anchored

A

Papillary muscles

located in ventricle walls~

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20
Q

This is the muscle where the chordae tendineae are anchored

A

Papillary muscles

located in ventricle walls~

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21
Q

This is the opening in the artery present in an unborn child

A

Ductus arteriosus

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22
Q

Upon closing, the ductus arteriosus becomes?

when baby is born**

A

ligamentum arteriosum

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23
Q

three types of circulation

A
  1. Pulmonary - oxygenation
  2. Systemic - from heart to body
  3. Coronary - heart
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24
Q

Pulmonary circulation pathway

enumerate :p and pls do include valves

A
  1. SVC, IVC, Coronary Sinus
  2. Right atrium
  3. Tricuspid valve
  4. Right ventricle
  5. Pulmonary Semilunar valve
  6. Pulmonary trunk
  7. Pulmonary arteries
  8. Lungs
  9. Pulmonary veins
  10. Left atrium
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25
Q

Systemic circulation

enumerate & add valves! :p

A
  1. Left atrium
  2. Bicuspid (Mitral) valves
  3. Left Ventricle
  4. Aortic semilunar valve
  5. Aorta
  6. Body!
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26
Q

this originates from the aortic orifice

A

aorta

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27
Q

What are the 3 segments of the aorta?

A
  • Ascending Aorta
  • Descending
  • Arch of the Aorta
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28
Q

The arch of the aorta is further divided into 3 parts, what are those?

ito yung tatlong sungay chuchu

A
  • Brachiocephalic trunk
  • Left common carotid artery
  • left subclavian artery

brachio trunk bcoz this can be further divided into right caro & subclav

ok poide rin pala artery i searched alr

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29
Q

All arteries carry oxygenated blood except this one

A

pulmonary artery

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30
Q

The ascending aorta gives rise to ___ arteries

A

coronary

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31
Q

The descending aorta gives rise to ___ arteries

A

thoracic

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32
Q

The pericardial sac is lined with an inner layer called the

A

parietal pericardium

33
Q

what areas of the heart are supplied by the left coronary artery

A

Arterior wall of heart and most of left ventricle

34
Q

the valve located between the right entricle and the pulmonary trunk is the

A

pulmonary semilunar valve

35
Q

which layer forms the majority of the thickness of the heart wall

A

myocardium

36
Q

what happens when left atrial pressure exceeds left ventricular pressure

A

bicuspid valve (mitral) opens

37
Q

In the heart, an action potential originates in the

A

sinoatrial node

38
Q

In ventricular systole, the ventricles relax or contract?

A

contract

39
Q

the semilunar valves close during?

A

ventricular diastole

ventricle lagi

40
Q

the atrioventricular valves open during?

A

ventricular diastole

ventricle lagi

41
Q

Ventricular____ causes the atrioventricular valves to close, and then the semilunar valves to open

systole or diastole

A

Ventricular Systole

42
Q

Inflammation of the serous pericardium is called?

A

Pericarditis

43
Q

In the case of __________, fluid or blood accumulates in the pericardial sac, causing a potentially fatal condition.

A

Cardiac tamponade

44
Q

Fibrillation of the heart ventricles:
a. reduces cardiac output
b. caused by malfunction or fluttering of the valves
c. causes a decreases in heart rate or bradycardia
d. occurs when SA node recovers from defibrillation faster than any other conducting part of the heart

A

reduces cardiac output

galing smartbook swear!

45
Q

Pain in the area of the chest and left arm wherein the heart muscle receives an insufficient amount of oxy-rich blood

A

angina pectoris

46
Q

What cardiac arrhythmia will result in an ECG with no P waves, but normal QRS and T waves?

A. Atrial fibrillation
B. Ventricular tachycardia
C. Bradycardia
D. Atrial flutter

A

A. Atrial fibrillation

remember that P waves = atrial depolarization

since no P waves, fibrillation in the atria ang nangyari (xori no english)

47
Q

Obstruction of the ____ will causemore widespread damage to the heart as compared to the obstruction of the other, smaller vessels

A. left marginal vein
B. left coronary artery
C. posterior interventricular vein
D. anterior interventricular artery

A

B. left coronary artery

48
Q

Blood is moved through the vascular system by?
A. valves in the wall of the blood vessels
B. rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle in vessel walls
C. pressure gradients created by the heart
D. osmotic pressure

A

C. pressure gradients created by the heart

49
Q

How does the struture of a capillary wall differs from that of a vein or artery?
A. capillary wall has only 2 tunics
B. capillaries have more smooth muscle
C. capillary walls are much thinner
D. capillaries can constrict or dilate

A

C. capillary walls are much thinner

sige mas marunong pa kau sa reinforcement ha

Note:capillaries are composed only of tunica intima or interna

50
Q

Veins contain valves and arteries do not.

True or false?

A

True

valves prevent backflow & aid in venous blood return (in large veins)

51
Q

The abdomninal aorta descends through the abdomen and then divides into?
A. inferior mesenteric arteries
B. common iliac arteries
C. superior mesenteric arteries
D. femoral arteries

A

common iliac arteries

51
Q

What artery supplies the small intestine and a portion of the large intestine?
A. inferior phrenic
B. lumbar
C. superior mesenteric
D. Celiac trunk

A

C. Superior mesenteric artery

52
Q

As the popliteal vein ascends past the knee and into the thigh, it becomes the?

A

femoral vein

makes sense coz asa taas ng patella ay femur thus,, femoral vein

53
Q

The hepatic portal vein is formed by the union of the splenic vein and the?
A. superior mesenteric vein
B. inferior mesenteric vein
C. hepatic vein.

A

A. superior mesenteric vein

54
Q

The hepatic portal vein carries blood draining from all of the following organs except the?

A. large intestine
B. stomach
C. small intestine
D. spleen
E. urinary bladder

A

E. urinary bladder

55
Q

Which vessel is often used to draw blood from a patient?
A. radial vein
B. brachial artery
C. Median cubital vein
D. Cephalic vein
E. Femoral vein

A

C. Medan cubital vein

56
Q

The internal jugular veins join the subclavian veins to form the?

A

Brachiocephalic veins

57
Q

Resistance to blood flow is lowest in?
A. Arteries
B. Arterioles
C. Veins
D. Venules

A

C. Veins

58
Q

Resistance to blood flow increases as blood vessels?

constrict or dilate?

A

constrict

yuh, if nagconstrict vessels m syempre mababawasan flow, thus resistance

59
Q

Which of the following controls blood pressure on a short-term basis?
A. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
B. ADH
C. Atrial natriuretic peptide
D. Baroreflex

A

D. Baroreflex

60
Q

Which of the following factors assists in the return of venous blood to the heart?
1. Arterial dilation
2. Valves in the veins
3. Sympathetic stimulation
4. Compression of veins by muscular movements

A
  1. Valves in the veins
  2. Sympathetic stimulation
  3. Compression of veins by muscular movements
61
Q

Where is the vasomotor center located?

A

Pons and medulla oblongata

62
Q

Which of the following is a long-term regulator of blood pressure?
A. Baroreflex
B. Adrenal medullary mechanism
C. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

A

C. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mech

63
Q

Baroreceptors are located in the?
A. aorta and subclavian arteries.
B. aorta and carotid arteries
C. aorta and subclavian veins.

A

Aorta and carotid arteries

64
Q

Action potentials are conducted from the baroreceptors to the brain via what nerves?

what cranial nerves?

A

the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves.

65
Q

The action potential from the brain to the heart travels along

A

Vagus nerve

66
Q

The fluids leave the capillaries at the arterial end because?
A. the net filtration pressure of the blood is higher at the arterial end than it is at the venous end.
B. the net osmotic pressure is higher at the arterial end than it is at the venous end.
C. the net osmotic pressure is higher at the venous end than it is at the arterial end.

A

A. the net filtration pressure of the blood is higher at the arterial end than it is at the venous end.

67
Q

why do fluids reenter the capillaries at the venous end?

A

because the net hydrostatic pressure of the blood is lower at the venous end than it is at the arterial end.

ok basta net filtarion = arterial end; net hydrostatic = venous end

67
Q

Approximately what percent of fluid that exits the capillaries at the arterial end reenters the capillaries at the venous end?

A

90%; 10% enters the lymphatic capillaries

68
Q

Blood ejected by the right ventricle and returned to the left atrium flows through the ____ circulation.

pulmonary or systemic

A

pulmonary

69
Q

Pulmonary arteries carry ____ blood and pulmonary veins carry ____ blood

A

deoxygenated, oxygenated

70
Q

The layer of blood vessel wall that consists of simple squamous epithelium, a basement membrane, and connective tissue is the tunica?

A

interna

71
Q

Tunica ____of blood vessel walls is comprised primarily of connective tissue.

A

adventitia; externa

Adventitia = dense connective
Media = smooth muscle & elastic connective
Intima or Interna = endothelium & basement membrane

72
Q

True or false: Medium-sized arteries are frequently called distributing arteries because the smooth muscle enables control of blood flow to different body regions.

A

True

73
Q

what is the predominant tunic in large veins? what about in arteries?

A

tunica adventitia; tunica media

74
Q

the only arteries that branch off the aorta are called?

A

coronary arteries (L & R)

75
Q

Common iliac arteries arise from the division of the?

A

abdominal aorta

76
Q

What is a weak and bulging segment of a blood vessel that might hemorrhage called?

A

aneurysm

77
Q

what do you call the clot that forms in a blood vessel or a heart chamber?

A

thrombus

78
Q

what do you call the obstruction of a blood vessel by any abnormal travelling object in the bloodstream such as blood clot of agglutinated blood cells?

A

embolism

79
Q

arteries that the brachial artery branches into

A

radial and ulnar arteries

Anatomy and Physiology (9 decks)

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