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A&P > Special Sense > Flashcards

Special Sense Flashcards

1
Q

____________________: the space between upper and lower eyelids

A

Palpebral fissure

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2
Q

____________________: the medial and lateral corners of your eyes

A

Commissures

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3
Q

____________________: red lump that is a gland in the medial commissure

A

Caruncle

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4
Q

____________________: what makes the eyelid firm

A

Tarsal plate

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5
Q

____________________: mucus Membranes lining the eyelids

A

Conjunctiva

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6
Q

____________________: eyelid gland making and oily substance so ghat you eyelids doing stick

A

Meibomian gland

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7
Q

____________________: eyelids

A

Palpebrae

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8
Q

____________________: oil gland for your eyelashes (Celia)

A

Sebaceous ciliary gland

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9
Q

____________________: makes tears and is located superior and lateral to the eyeball

A

The lacrimal gland

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10
Q

What are the strictures of the lacrimal apparatus?

A

Lacrimal gland which produces tears
Lacrimal puncta: medial edge of eyelids
Lacrimal canal: medial edge
Nasolacrimal duct: nose

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11
Q

What are the functions of tears?

A

Moisturize, clean, and keep MO limited

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12
Q

What are the two kinds of photoreceptors and what is their location?

A

Rods and cones are found on the retina
Rods are peripheral
Cones are central

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13
Q

____________________: the bending of light rays to converge onto a single point in vision

A

Refraction

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14
Q

____________________: a single point where light rays converge

A

Focal point (on retina)

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15
Q

____________: a part of the eye that includes the ciliary muscle, which controls the shape of the lens, and the ciliary epithelium, which produces the aqueous humor

A

Ciliary body

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16
Q

Hanging from the ciliary body are __________ ___________ attached to the retina so that the lends can be changed in shape

A

Suspensory ligaments

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17
Q

A straighter lense bends light less or more?

A

Less

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18
Q

Describe how images are focused

A

The light rays are refracted by the cornea and then lens. Suspensory ligaments of the ciliary body help the lens change shape.

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19
Q

______________________: perfect 20/20 vision

A

Emmetropia

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20
Q

______________________: is the ability to change the shape of your lens from fair vision (straight) to close vision (curved)

A

Accommodation

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21
Q

______________________: is the closest point you can still focus

A

The near point of vision

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22
Q

______________________: wanting to look and something, and looking at it

A

Voluntary fixation

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23
Q

______________________: allows you to keep a selected object in your visual field once it has been found unconsciously

A

Involuntary fixation

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24
Q

Describe the controls over eye movement and the part of the cerebral cortex involved

A

Our frontal lobe controls voluntary fixation. When the image is in our FOV our occipital lobe employs involuntary fixation to help keep the image in focus

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25
Q

What is Binocular Vision and what does it produce?

A

When 2 slightly different fov come together and produce one 3d image

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26
Q

______________: if your eyes are not fixating in a coordinated fashion (like when drunk) and the corresponding image does not land on the fovea centralis leading to DOUBLE VISION

A

Diplopia

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27
Q

___________________: when your eyes point in different directions and with time your fix images with one eye and the other becomes functionally blind

A

Strabismus

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28
Q

__________________: photopigment in rods requiring vitamin A for synthesis

A

Rhodopsin

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29
Q

How do photoreceptors function?

A

Light stimulus turned into depolarization response. Rods respond to more gray/black/white and cones to bright colors.

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30
Q

Which is more plentiful; rods or cones?

A

Rods

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31
Q

Which are peripheral; rods or cones?

A

Rods

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32
Q

Which see more colors; rods or cones?

A

Cones

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33
Q

Which do not show convergence so that each has its own “line” to the brain; rods or cones?

A

Cones

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34
Q

Which have precise and clear images; rods or cones?

A

Cones

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35
Q

Which help the most in night vision; rods or cones?

A

Rods

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36
Q

Why is your fovea centralis the most accurate vision?

A

Because it has numerous CONES which produce clear images

37
Q

Rods need vitamin A for their synthesis. T or F?

A

T

38
Q

Describe the neural components of the retina and explain lateral inhibition

A

Rods and cones synapse with bipolar neurons which synapse with ganglion cells (= optic nerve)

39
Q

____________: neuron in the retina that acts as an interneuron between bipolar and ganglion cells. receive signals from bipolar cells and are involved in the regulation and integration of activity in bipolar and ganglion cells.

A

Amacrine cells

40
Q

_______________: laterally interconnecting neurons having cell bodies in the inner nuclear layer of the retina of vertebrate eyes. They help integrate and regulate the input from multiple photoreceptor cells.

A

Horizontal cells

41
Q

____________: that neighboring neurons in brain pathways have on each other. For example, in the visual system, neighboring pathways from the receptors to the optic nerve, which carries information to the visual areas of the brain can show this

A

Lateral inhibition

42
Q

_____________: horizontal and amacrine cells reach between pathways and can inhibit weakly stimulated pathways

A

Lateral inhibition

43
Q

__________: accuracy to distinguish detail and is measured by a Snellen eye chart

A

Visual acuity

44
Q

__________: the ability to tell that two closely spaced points are indeed 2

A

Visual resolving power

45
Q

In a visual acuity your number is first. T or F?

A

T

46
Q

Describe the direct and indirect pupillary reflexes

A 
Direct= ipsilateral: when you shine a light the pupil constricts
Indirect= lateral: when you sine a light in one eye the pupils on both sides constrict (indirect reflex)
47
Q

List 3 parts of the external ear

A

Pinna= elastic cartilage
Ear canal= EAM
Ear drum= TM

48
Q

Ceruminous glands

A

Ear wax glands found in the ear canal

49
Q

__________: the auditory tube the connects the middle ear with the throat which allows pressure to release

A

Eustachian tube

50
Q

Parts of the middle ear

A

Eustachian tube

3 ossicles: malleus, incus, and stapes

51
Q

__________: helps amplify sounds, touches the TM, located in the middle ear

A

Malleus

52
Q

List the ossicles of the middle ear from outer to inner

A

Melleus, incus, and stapes

53
Q

__________: helps amplify sounds, touches the oval window, located in middle ear

A

Stapes

54
Q

__________: connection between the middle and inner ear, can bulge in either direction to help with pressure stabilization in the inner ear

A

Round window

55
Q

__________: has a pattern of having and osseous (bone) labyrinth lined by a membranous labyrinth

A

Inner ear

56
Q

In the inner ear the osseous labyrinth contains ______ fluid and the membranous labyrinth contains ________ fluid

A

Perilymph

Endolymph

57
Q

_________ fluid of the ear has a similar ionic composition as extracellular fluid found elsewhere in the body and fills the scalae tympani and vestibuli. _________ fluid of the ear, found inside the cochlear duct (scala media), has a unique composition not found elsewhere in the body.

A

Perilymph

Endolymph

58
Q

_____________: central part of the bony labyrinth in the inner ear, and is situated medial to the eardrum (tympanic cavity), behind the cochlea, and in front of the three semicircular canals.

A

Vestibule

59
Q

_____________: is bony and lined by membranous utricle and saccule that function in equilibrium

A

Utricle

60
Q

__________: an irregular, dilated sac lying in the upper and posterior part of the vestibule. It serves as the base for the three semicircular ducts. contains a sensory epithelium - the macula, which is composed of hair cells and associated supporting cells.

A

The utricle

61
Q

___________: a bed of sensory cells in the inner ear. It translates head movements into neural impulses for the brain to interpret.

A

Saccule

62
Q

The 3 semicircular canals are placed at 90 degrees from each other and are bony. T or F?

A

T

63
Q

____________: tiny, fluid-filled tubes in your inner ear that help you keep your balance. When your head moves around, the liquid inside sloshes around and moves the tiny hairs that line each canal. lined with semi circular ducts and have a widened portion called the ampulla

A

Semicircular canals

64
Q

__________: last bony portion of the ear, shaped like a snail shell, houses the receptors for hearing within the temporal bone

A

Cochlea

65
Q

Cochlear duct

A

Lines the cochlea and houses hearing receptors

66
Q

Describe the mechanism of hearing

A

1 Sounds waves are collected from the pinna
2 travel down the EAM to then
3 vibrate the TM which then
4 vibrates the ossicles which magnify the sounds wave
5 The last ossicle (stapes) pushes against the oval window making the perilymph in the scala vastibuli
6 then makes the perilymph in the lower channel (scala tympani) move as well
7 Causes the endolymph in the cochlear duct to move at the same frequency
8 stimulating the organ or corti which sits on the floor of the cochlear duct
9 tiny hairs are stimulated according to frequency

67
Q

Where are the tiny hairs responsible for hearing located?

A

On the organ or corti on the floor of the cochear duct

68
Q

The hairs nearest the apex of the Organ of Corti are (long/short?) and stimulated by (low/high?) frequency

A

Long and low near apex

Short and high near the base

69
Q

_____________: a reflex to protects from loss of hearing stops the wild vibrating of the ossicles

A

Tympanic reflex or sound attenuation

70
Q

Describe how to determine the location, loudness, and pitch of sound.

A

Location: disparity between two ears
Loudness: amplitude of sound waves
Pitch: frequency of the sound waves

71
Q

Describe the mechanism for linear acceleration and decceleration

A

OTOLITHS move as you accelerate/decelerate thus bending hair cells leading to a nerve impulse

72
Q

Describe how we detect head position

A

Otolith movement

73
Q

In mammals, _____________ are small particles, composed of a combination of a gelatinous matrix and calcium carbonate in the viscous fluid of the saccule and utricle. The inertia of these small particles causes them to stimulate hair cells when the head moves.

A

Otoliths

74
Q

Describe the mechanism for detecting rotational acceleration or deceleration

A

As you spin the hair cells (crista) in the ampulla of the semicircular ducts are stimulated leading to a nerve impulse

75
Q

____________: a characteristic of eyeball movement to try and fix on an object while you spin. Spin to the R you fix L

A

Vestibular nystagmus

76
Q

Describe the mechanism for maintaining a whole body dynamic equilibrium

A

Semi circular canals are all located 90 degrees from each other providing information about your equilibrium. This information coupled with vestibule and proprioceptors all over the body goes to your cerebellum to be processed as balance

77
Q

_______________: sense of smell

A

Olfaction

78
Q

Describe the olfactory pathway

A

1 receptors for smell are the dendrites of CN1 and are located in the superior nasal cavity
2 pass through olfactory foramina
3 synapse at olfactory bulb
4 interpreted by temporal lobe of cerebral cortex

79
Q

_______________: sense of taste

A

Gustatory pathway

80
Q

Describe the gustatory pathway

A

Taste buds
CN VII (anterior tongue), CN IX (middle tongue), and CN X (back of tongue and throat)
Parietal lobe or cerebral cortex

81
Q

Name the 3 layers of the eyeball

A

1 fibrous tunic
2 vascular tunic
3 nervous tunic

82
Q

_______________: outer layer of the eye contains sclera and cornea

A

Fibrous tunic

83
Q

_______________: middle layer of the eye contains vascular and pigmented structures

A

Vascular tunic

84
Q

_______________: inner laters contains retina, rods, CN 1, and cones

A

Nervous tunic

85
Q

Describe the location and function of the retina

A

Inner wall of the eyeball

Rods and cones

86
Q

Describe the function and location of the iris

A

Regulates light coming in

Pigmented smooth muscle tissue

87
Q

Location and function of lens

A

Posterior to the iris focuses by changing shape

88
Q

Location and function of the aq humor

A

Fluid anterior to the lense which helps maintain shape and support

89
Q

Location and function of the vitreous humor

A

Fluid posterior to the lens helps maintain shape and support

A&P (22 decks)

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